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Characterizing health risks associated with recreational swimming at Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment

Cheng-Shin Jang, Ching-Ping Liang
Published January 2018, 77 (2) 534-547; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.571
Cheng-Shin Jang
Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan City 338, Taiwan
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  • For correspondence: csjang@mail.knu.edu.tw
Ching-Ping Liang
Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 831, Taiwan
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Abstract

Taiwan is surrounded by oceans, and therefore numerous pleasure beaches attract millions of tourists annually to participate in recreational swimming activities. However, impaired water quality because of fecal pollution poses a potential threat to the tourists' health. This study probabilistically characterized the health risks associated with recreational swimming engendered by waterborne enterococci at 13 Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment. First, data on enterococci concentrations at coastal beaches monitored by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration were reproduced using nonparametric Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The ingestion volumes of recreational swimming based on uniform and gamma distributions were subsequently determined using MCS. Finally, after the distribution combination of the two parameters, the beta-Poisson dose–response function was employed to quantitatively estimate health risks to recreational swimmers. Moreover, various levels of risk to recreational swimmers were classified and spatially mapped to explore feasible recreational and environmental management strategies at the beaches. The study results revealed that although the health risks associated with recreational swimming did not exceed an acceptable benchmark of 0.019 illnesses daily at all beaches, they approached to this benchmark at certain beaches. Beaches with relatively high risks are located in Northwestern Taiwan owing to the current movements.

  • beach
  • enterococci
  • Monte Carlo simulation
  • quantitative microbial risk assessment
  • swimming
  • First received 11 May 2017.
  • Accepted in revised form 26 October 2017.
  • © IWA Publishing 2018
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Characterizing health risks associated with recreational swimming at Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment
Cheng-Shin Jang, Ching-Ping Liang
Water Science and Technology Jan 2018, 77 (2) 534-547; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.571
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Characterizing health risks associated with recreational swimming at Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment
Cheng-Shin Jang, Ching-Ping Liang
Water Science and Technology Jan 2018, 77 (2) 534-547; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.571

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Keywords

Beach
enterococci
Monte Carlo simulation
quantitative microbial risk assessment
swimming
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