Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been detected in the environment, in biota and in humans. The exposure pathways of these chemicals to humans are unclear. Tap water and bottled water are two possible pathways of PFCs occurrence in human blood. The major objectives of the study were to identify the occurrences of PFCs in tap and bottled water and to evaluate conventional water treatment processes performance on removal of PFCs. Solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis of ten PFCs. PFCs were detected in all tap water samples and bottled water samples. The average PFOS and PFOA concentrations in tap water were 0.17 and 3.58 ng l−1, respectively. PFOS and PFOA were not similarly distributed in all areas in the city. PFCs concentrations were higher in bottled water than in tap water. Moreover, the current treatment processes were not effective in removing PFCs in aqueous phase. Nevertheless, PFCs in particulate phase were effectively removed by primary sedimentation and rapid sand filtration. Based on the guideline from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, PFOA concentrations in tap water and bottled water found in Bangkok were not expected to cause any health risks.
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August 2010
This article was originally published in
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua
Article Contents
Research Article|
August 01 2010
Perfluorinated compounds contamination in tap water and bottled water in Bangkok, Thailand
Chinagarn Kunacheva;
1Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida- honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Tel.: +81-80-5341-5260 Fax: +81-75-753-3335; E-mail: [email protected]
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Shigeo Fujii;
Shigeo Fujii
1Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida- honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Shuhei Tanaka;
Shuhei Tanaka
1Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida- honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon;
Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon
2Department of Civil Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Puttamonthon 4 Rd Salaya, Puttamonthon, Nokornpathom 73170, Thailand
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Somrutai Poothong;
Somrutai Poothong
2Department of Civil Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Puttamonthon 4 Rd Salaya, Puttamonthon, Nokornpathom 73170, Thailand
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Thana Wongwatthana;
Thana Wongwatthana
2Department of Civil Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Puttamonthon 4 Rd Salaya, Puttamonthon, Nokornpathom 73170, Thailand
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Binaya Raj Shivakoti
Binaya Raj Shivakoti
1Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida- honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2010) 59 (5): 345–354.
Article history
Received:
June 23 2009
Accepted:
January 29 2010
Citation
Chinagarn Kunacheva, Shigeo Fujii, Shuhei Tanaka, Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon, Somrutai Poothong, Thana Wongwatthana, Binaya Raj Shivakoti; Perfluorinated compounds contamination in tap water and bottled water in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 August 2010; 59 (5): 345–354. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2010.063
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