Recent advancement in NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in aqueous solutions: a comprehensive systematic review

PRISMA

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

NiFe₂O₄-based nanoparticle

nanocomposites that have Nickel Ferrite in their structures

Photocatalyst

is a combination of two words: photo related to photon and catalyst, which is a substance altering the reaction rate in its presence.

MB

methylene blue dye

IBP

influence of persulfate on ibuprofen

RhB

rhodamine B

UDMH

unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine

CP

chlorpyrifos

AMP

ampicillin

EBT

Eriochrome Black T

SMX

sulfamethoxazole

TC

tetracycline hydrochloride

MG

malachite green

IC

indigo carmine

NZF

Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanocomposites

The rapid increase of populations causes the increase of non-degradable and toxic organic pollutants in water environments such as pharmaceuticals, dyes, aromatic compounds, acids etc (Naghizadeh et al. 2015; Azam et al. 2021; Xiao et al. 2021; Esmati et al. 2023). The rapid increase in industries has also increased water pollution and energy problems. Energy problems and water pollution are among the problems of the present age that threaten humans (Guo et al. 2021; Nawaz et al. 2022). Therefore, humans need a sustainable, efficient, and accessible technology to overcome the problem of water pollution. Considering the green and sustainable nature of sunlight, using solar energy with nanocomposites in water purification is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method (Tang et al. 2019; Xie et al. 2020; Javadmoosavi et al. 2023). Nanoscience and nanotechnology can be used in various sciences such as water purification, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and printing, as well as today in the environment in order to remove many pollutants (Naghizadeh et al. 2013; Ren et al. 2019; Shams et al. 2019; Derakhshani et al. 2023). So far, a lot of research has been done on the synthesis of different nanomaterials and their application in different fields (Mousavi & Habibi-Yangjeh 2016; Mousavi-Kamazani et al. 2016; Ghoreishi et al. 2018; Shirzadi-Ahodashti et al. 2020b; Gholami et al. 2023). Nanocomposites with diameters between 1 and 100 nm have improved properties such as uniform size distribution, small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, high adsorption capacity, porosity, and various potential roles in catalytic and biological activities. For these reasons, nanocomposites have recently been synthesized and widely used in the removal of various pollutants from aqueous solutions (Khan et al. 2016; Akbari et al. 2019; Shams et al. 2019). Today, extensive efforts have been made to investigate the efficiency of spinel ferrites (MFe₂O₄) due to their unique physical and chemical properties (Polshettiwar et al. 2011; Jiang et al. 2020). In the past decades, various advanced methods have been used to synthesize different spinel ferrites, including the co-precipitation method, hydrothermal method, sol–gel method, mechanical alloying, solution thermal method, electrochemical synthesis, and chemical solution deposition method (Yan et al. 2013; Naghizadeh et al. 2017). Nowadays, Nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) is known as an important spinel ferrite and has been studied in various fields due to its chemical stability and mechanical hardness. Today, composites derived from NiFe₂O₄ are used as photocatalysts for the decomposition of various pollutants in aqueous solutions (Hossein Panahi et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2022). Magnetic semiconductor photocatalysts are used in various environmental fields, including water and wastewater treatment, due to their high optical activity, non-toxicity, low cost, easy application in various environmental conditions, complete mineralization of pollutants, and chemical and thermal stability (Eslami et al. 2016; Ge et al. 2021; Sanadi et al. 2021; Derakhshani et al. 2022). Photocatalysts are materials that create a pair of electron holes on their surface as a result of sunlight or artificial light (such as UV light) so that the free radicals produced from this process have high oxidizing properties to destroy pollutants (Kamani et al. 2018; Asadzadeh Patehkhor et al. 2021). Photocatalysts actually provide the necessary conditions to carry out these reactions, but do not directly interfere with oxidation–reduction reactions. The obvious feature of a semiconductor photocatalyst is having capacitive and conductive bands. The space between these two bands is called the band gap (Bora & Dutta 2014; Shirzadi-Ahodashti et al. 2020a). The operation of a semiconductor photocatalyst is initiated by the irradiation of natural or artificial light on its surface. During light irradiation, due to the absorption of photons with energy equal to or greater than the energy of the photocatalytic band gap, the electrons of the capacitive band are excited and transferred from this band to the conduction band, and as a result of this transfer, the holes are simultaneously formed in capacitive bands. The lifetime of the electron–hole pair is only a few nanoseconds. But this short time is enough to carry out oxidation/reduction reactions in a solution containing a semiconductor. The created holes have a very high oxidation potential so that they are sufficient to produce hydroxyl radicals from water molecules and hydroxide ions adsorbed on the photocatalyst surface. The generated electrons react with the absorbed oxygen molecule and reduce it to superoxide radical. The superoxide radical produced reacts with a proton to form peroxide radicals. Hydrogen peroxide can also act as an electron acceptor and generate additional hydroxyl radicals (Safari et al. 2014; Shirzadi-Ahodashti et al. 2020b). So far, a complete systematic analysis has not yet been published to investigate the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants by NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites in aqueous solutions. Therefore, in this study, our aim was to systematically review all research studies on the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants by NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites and to evaluate the laboratory conditions and results of these studies.

The present review research study was followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines (http://www.prisma-statement.org/).

We included all the original studies in English that investigated the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in aqueous solutions using NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites. In all the studies reviewed in this research, all the pollutants in water that were degraded by photocatalytic method by NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites were investigated.

The present study was a systematic review that was conducted by searching PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases until March 2022. The language of the searched articles was English. The search strategy in this systematic review is shown in Table 1. The following keywords were considered during the search:

Photodegradation, Photolysis, Photocatalysis, Photocatalytic, Photocatalyst, ‘Photochemical processes’, Nanoparticles, Nanocomposite, Nanoparticle, ‘Nanocrystalline Materials’, ‘Nanocrystalline Material’, Nanocrystals, Nanocrystal, NiFe₂O₄, ‘Nickel ferrite’, Water, ‘aqueous solution’.

Data and information extracted from studies that were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review included the following:

(I) authors, (II) year of publication, (III) catalyst type and size, (IV) methods of synthesis, (V) type of pollutant, (VI) optimum pH, (VII) optimum initial concentration of pollutant, (VIII) optimum catalyst concentration, (IX) optimum time, (X) irradiation, (XI) removal efficiency.

Other important parameters included antibacterial performance of the photocatalyst, effect of interference and reusability of the photocatalyst, regeneration and reusability of the photocatalyst, effect of NiFe₂O₄ content in nanocomposite, effect of different catalysts on the degradation of methylene blue (MB), effect of H₂O₂ in the photocatalysis process, the effect of UV light intensity, effects of the initial oxalic C(H₂C₂O₄) concentration, sonophotocatalysis with variable ultrasonic power intensities, influence of ultrasonic power and frequency, influence of persulfate on ibuprofen (IBP) mineralization, the effect of US frequency.

We conducted a systematic review and since the data were heterogeneous, we did not perform any specific analysis and the data were reported as a narrative.

Among the reviewed articles, the most recent article selected for systematic review was published in 2022 and the oldest was published in 2012. All investigated articles were in English. The studies were conducted in South Korea, India, Iran, Turkey, Philippines, Taiwan, United States of America, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, and South Africa.

In most studies, optimum initial concentration of pollutants, optimum catalyst concentration, optimum pH and optimum time were investigated. In all these studies, nanocomposites based on NiFe₂O₄ were used, including: Ag/AgBr/NiFe₂O₄ (Ge et al. 2017), Ag–doped Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ (Mustafa & Oladipo 2021), CdS–NiFe₂O₄/rGO (Bagherzadeh et al. 2018), ZIF-8/NiFe₂O₄ (Faraji et al. 2021), GO/NiFe₂O₄/TiO₂ (Lu et al. 2021), NiFe₂O₄ (Liu et al. 2012; Kazemi et al. 2018; Guo & Wang 2019; Nadumane et al. 2019; Vijay et al. 2019; Nawaz et al. 2020; Hariani et al. 2021), NiFe₂O₄ :Mg²⁺ (Nadumane et al. 2019), cysteine modified graphene oxide@nickelferrite@titanium dioxide (Anirudhan et al. 2021), Pectin- NiFe₂O₄ (Gupta et al. 2020), NiFe₂O₄/ZnO (Moradi et al. 2018; Yeganeh et al. 2020), PANI/Ag₃PO₄/NiFe₂O₄ (Chen et al. 2019a), NiAl_xFe_2−xO₄ (x = 0–0.7) (Naik et al. 2018), MWCNTs-CuNiFe₂O₄ (Al-Musawi et al. 2021), CdS nanorods/NiFe₂O₄/NaX zeolite (Sadeghi et al. 2020), Z-scheme APO/MOF/NFO (Zhou et al. 2018), NiFe₂O₄/T/GOx (Atacan et al. 2019), NiFe₂O₄@GO (Bayantong et al. 2021), NiFe₂O₄-rice husk char (RHC) (Han et al. 2018), NiFe-CNT (Nawaz et al. 2020), NiFe₂O₄/C yolk-shell (Chen et al. 2019b), Chitosan-Ascorbic Acid@NiFe₂O₄ (CTAS@NIFE) (Hasan et al. 2020), TiO_2−x/NiFe₂O₄ (Wu 2020), NiFe₂O₄–SQD (NF–SQDs) (Babu et al. 2021), MWCNT–CuNiFe₂O₄ (Al-Musawi et al. 2022), NiFe₂O₄/MWCNTs/ZnO (Hezam et al. 2020), ((NiFe₂O₄-SiO₂), (NiFe₂O₄-TiO₂), (NiFe₂O₄-SiO₂-TiO₂) and TiO₂) (Ojemaye et al. 2017).

Different pollutants in aqueous solutions were degraded by using these nanocomposites. In nine studies the pollutant investigated was methylene blue (Bagherzadeh et al. 2018; Han et al. 2018; Kazemi et al. 2018; Guo & Wang 2019; Gupta et al. 2020; Hezam et al. 2020; Sadeghi et al. 2020; Bayantong et al. 2021; Faraji et al. 2021). Other pollutants included Rhodamine B (RhB) (Liu et al. 2012; Ge et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2019a; Sadeghi et al. 2020), Metronidazole antibiotic (Mustafa & Oladipo 2021), Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) (Lu et al. 2021), (IC dye and Phenol) (Nadumane et al. 2019), Chlorpyrifos (CP) (Anirudhan et al. 2021), Remazol Black 5 (Gupta et al. 2020), Coomassie blue G-250 dye (Yeganeh et al. 2020), Methyl orange (MO) dyes (Chen et al. 2019a; Sadeghi et al. 2020), (blue 129 dye and reactive blue 21 dye) (Moradi et al. 2018), Rose bengal (RB) dye (Naik et al. 2018), Ampicillin (AMP) (Al-Musawi et al. 2021), Eriochrome Black T (EBT) (Sadeghi et al. 2020), Indigo Carmine (IC) (Atacan et al. 2019), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (Nawaz et al. 2020), Irgalite violet dye (Vijay et al. 2019), Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) (Chen et al. 2019b), Malachite green (MG) (Hasan et al. 2020), ibuprofen (IBP) (Wu 2020), Congo red (Hariani et al. 2021), Tetracycline (TC) (Babu et al. 2021), Acid blue 113 dye (Al-Musawi et al. 2022), and Cr(VI) (Ojemaye et al. 2017).

The removal efficiency in most studies shows that NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites can remove pollutants from aqueous solutions by photocatalytic degradation process with a high percentage.

Table 2 also shows the experimental conditions and the investigated variables used in the included studies for the degradation of environmental pollutants from aqueous solutions by photocatalytic process using NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites. pH is one of the most important factors in the photocatalytic degradation process (Li et al. 2016). The optimum pH for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants by NiFe₂O₄ was found to be equal to 2 based on two studies (Ojemaye et al. 2017; Han et al. 2018), equal to 2.5 in one study (Gupta et al. 2020), equal to 3 in five studies (Liu et al. 2012; Nadumane et al. 2019; Vijay et al. 2019; Nawaz et al. 2020; Yeganeh et al. 2020; Mustafa & Oladipo 2021), equal to 5 in four studies (Nawaz et al. 2020; Al-Musawi et al. 2021; Hariani et al. 2021; Al-Musawi et al. 2022), equal to 6 in one study (Wu 2020), equal to 6.5 in one study (Atacan et al. 2019), from 7 to 8 in seven studies (Bagherzadeh et al. 2018; Kazemi et al. 2018; Naik et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2019b; Guo & Wang 2019; Hasan et al. 2020; Anirudhan et al. 2021), equal to 6.8 in one study (Chen et al. 2019a), equal to 9 in two studies (Faraji et al. 2021; Lu et al. 2021), equal to 10 in two studies (Ge et al. 2017; Bayantong et al. 2021), in one study 11.5 (Hezam et al. 2020), and not reported in four studies (Moradi et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2018; Sadeghi et al. 2020; Babu et al. 2021).

According to the results extracted in the previous studies and investigated in this study, the optimal pH was mentioned in different ranges, because the types of pollutant and their surface charges were different. Considering that photocatalytic processes are usually carried out on the surface of catalysts, the surface electric charge of different catalysts may be positive or negative depending on the catalyst components and surface functional groups. In photocatalytic processes, pHzpc plays a significant role, because in pHzpc, the positive and negative electric charges on the catalyst surface are balanced. At pH > pHzpc, the dominant electrical charge on the catalyst surface is negative due to excess OH ions, and at pH < pHzpc, the dominant electrical charge on the catalyst surface becomes positive due to H+ ions (Moein et al. 2020; Mohammadi et al. 2022).

For example, the results of Bayantong et al.'s study showed that the decolorization of methylene blue by NiFe₂O₄@GO photocatalytic nanocomposite is enhanced under alkaline conditions because methylene blue is a cationic organic dye (Bayantong et al. 2021). On the other hand, NiFe₂O₄@GO nanocomposite has a negative charge when pH > pHzpc (Perreault et al. 2015). As a result, the surface charge of the nanocomposite and the dye are opposite in alkaline conditions, which causes the dye to adsorb on the surface of the nanocomposite and increase its degradation (Bayantong et al. 2021).

The results of another study conducted by Nadumane et al. showed that the highest efficiency for phenol occurred at pH = 3. Their reasoning was that in addition to OH° radicals produced by photofenton activities, at lower pH, hydrogen ions react to produce OH° radicals to degrade phenol. But in alkaline conditions, the hydroxyl ions in the solution are highly concentrated, which makes the sunlight not reach the surface of the photocatalyst, and as a result, the rate of decomposition decreases (Nadumane et al. 2019).

The initial concentration of the desired pollutant in the water environment is one of the important parameters that affects the removal efficiency in the photocatalytic purification process (Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani et al. 2016). In most of the studies that investigated the effect of the initial concentration of the environmental pollutants, they concluded that the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation process decreases with the increase of the initial concentration of the pollutant.

The reason for the decrease in efficiency with the increase in the initial concentration of the target pollutant is that at lower concentrations there is more surface on the catalyst to adsorb the pollutant. But with the increase of pollutant concentration, more molecules are adsorbed on the active surface groups of catalyst nanocomposites and therefore reduce the available reaction sites (Wang et al. 2012; Khodadadi et al. 2020).

On the other hand, the concentration of free radicals produced in all solutions is equal to the different concentration of the pollutant; therefore, a solution with a low pollutant concentration with the same amount of hydroxyl radical will have a higher decomposition rate than a solution with a higher concentration (Wang et al. 2012).

The optimal photocatalytic nanocomposites dose in aqueous solution is one of the most important parameters on the efficiency of photocatalytic processes (Kamani et al. 2021). The results of the investigated studies showed that at low doses of photocatalyst, the degradation efficiency increases with the increase of the catalyst dose. The reason is the increase in the number of active sites on the surface of the nanocatalyst. However, very high doses of photocatalyst increase the turbidity in the solution. This turbidity prevents the penetration of light into the solution and increases the scattering of light in the solution, which ultimately leads to a weak light reaction and a decrease in the efficiency of the degradation of impurities (Pei & Leung 2013).

However, in general, the increase or decrease of the performance of the photocatalyst process depends on the dosage range of the nanocatalyst. If the selected range of catalyst dosage is low enough not to cause additional turbidity, the performance of photocatalytic degradation will increase with increasing nanocatalyst dosage. But if the dosage range of the selected catalyst is wide and includes high dosages that cause turbidity, usually by increasing the catalyst dosage beyond a certain limit, the degradation performance decreases due to the prevention of proper radiation and lack of light penetration (Kamranifar et al. 2019; Derakhshani et al. 2022).

Another parameter that affects the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants is the appropriate contact time of the pollutant with the nanocatalyst, which has been investigated in some studies. The results of these studies showed that in the early stages of degradation, the amount of contact between the nanocatalyst and the pollutant is higher and the number of holes on the surface of the nanocatalyst is higher. With the gradual occupation of these holes and places by the pollutant, the amount of destruction decreases compared to the initial stages, and after a certain period of time, the amount of destruction reaches a constant value and may decrease after that (Oskoei et al. 2016). In a study conducted by Kazemi et al., the effect of time on the decomposition of methylene blue was investigated for 30–150 min. The results of their study showed that the rate of photocatalytic degradation of methylene dye increased with increasing contact time, but after 60 min, the degradation was almost constant (Kazemi et al. 2018).

As is clear from Table 3, in some of the reviewed studies, other parameters have been investigated in addition to the parameters in Table 2, some of which we will explain below:

Antibacterial agents cause rapid recovery of bacterial infections and also reduce the possibility of bacterial resistance to drugs, which is why antibacterial agents are widely used in the medical field (Hanif et al. 2019). Mustafa et al. investigated the photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole by Ag-doped Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanocomposites and also the antibacterial activity of Ag-d-NZF against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that Ag-d-NZF has more antibacterial activity on E. coli than Staphylococcus aureus strains, which is probably due to changes in the structure and composition of the cell membrane (Mustafa & Oladipo 2021).

For the use of synthesized nanocatalysts in industry, it is important to determine the reusability of consumed nanocatalysts in order to reduce costs and availability of nanocatalysts for photocatalytic processes and environmental safety (Ojemaye et al. 2017).

Moradi et al. investigated the reuse of NiFe₂O₄@ZnO nanocatalysts. They concluded that the photocatalytic activity of NiFe₂O₄@ZnO nanocomposite does not decrease in color degradation after five reuses. As a result, this catalyst is very stable and cost-effective in removal pollutants (Moradi et al. 2018). Nawaz et al. recycled the NiFe-CNT nanocomposite five times in order to investigate its stability and recyclability. The results showed that almost all the functional groups were present in the recycled photocatalytic materials and all the composite components were intact and stable (Nawaz et al. 2020).

H₂O₂ is used as an inorganic oxidant to increase the rate of photocatalytic reactions. Because hydrogen peroxide requires less energy than molecular oxygen to produce hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide is a better electron acceptor (Kim et al. 2013; Derakhshani et al. 2022).

The effect of H₂O₂ concentration on the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated by Nawaz et al. Based on the results obtained from their study, the optimal concentration of H₂O₂ for the degradation of SMX was found to be 1 μL/mL. At concentrations higher than 1 μL/mL, incomplete removal of SMX from the reaction solution occurred (Nawaz et al. 2020).

Chen et al. investigated the effect of H₂O₂ concentration on the degradation of TC. They concluded that the degradation efficiency of TC increased sharply as the initial volume of H₂O₂ increased from 0 to 0.1 mL, then decreased upon further addition to 1 mL.

In a study, Al-Musawi et al. investigated the effect of UV light intensity on the degradation efficiency of ampicillin (AMP) by MWCNTs-CuNiFe₂O₄ nanocomposites. From the results of this study, it can be seen that the degradation rate of ampicillin increases with the increase of light intensity from 8 to 36 W. Increasing the degradation rate of ampicillin may be related to the production of more protons, which are required to transfer electrons from the valence band to the conduction band to production more reactive species (Al-Musawi et al. 2021).

Other parameters investigated in studies for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants by NiFe₂O₄-based are described in Table 3. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites synthesis methods are shown in Table 4.

Advancement in the technology sector is increasing day by day due to the advancement of nanotechnology. It is expected that the use of nanostructures and nanomaterials will increase rapidly in the coming years, especially in water and wastewater treatment and removal of pollutants from the environment. Inadequate water resources and deterioration of their quality cause water scarcity, which adversely affects living organisms and the environment. The development of technological advancements, especially in the field of nanotechnology, may help to overcome these effects. Some nanomaterials are very toxic to humans and the environment. If these nanomaterials are used in water purification and their residues remain in the water, it leads to various poisonings. Therefore, researchers should focus on new techniques to standardize the measurement of hazardous effects of nanomaterials on human health.

The synthesis of nickel-based nanocomposites has often been associated with various challenges. These may mostly involve the problem of reduction of Ni(II) to Ni(0) at room temperature (Hossain et al. 2018). Only a few investigations are reported using nickel-based nanocomposites as adsorbents or photo catalysts in wastewater treatment. Plant extracts containing compounds that serve as reducing and capping agents in stabilizing the nanoparticles of Ni and NiO are to be identified in the available flora. Therefore green synthesis of nickel-based nanocomposites is a promising area for future research. Microbial mediated synthesis of nano-Ni and NiO are less investigated, and this is another vital aspect for research (Verma et al. 2021).

Photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants using nickel-based nanocomposites mainly depends on the type of pollutants, solution pH and concentration, catalysts and their composition, catalyst loading, solvent types, temperature and light intensity. While the advantages of using nickel nanocomposites as catalysts are emphasized, the disadvantages are not listed. It is hoped that in the future more emphasis will be placed on the use of nickel nanocomposites on a laboratory scale in the removal of pollutants. Also, the problems related to the residue of these nanocomposites in water, including their toxic properties on humans, should be investigated.

The comprehensive systematic review highlighted the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants using NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites in aqueous solution. In all the articles, the topic of photodegradation of pollutants using NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites was studied. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanocomposite photocatalysts for degradation of various pollutants was also studied. The available literature reviewed here has shown an increasing interest in photocatalytic processes for the removal of pollutants by NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites from aqueous media in recent years. The most degraded pollutants in the studied research works were methylene blue dye and Rhodamine B with degradation efficiencies of 100%. Considering this variety, it can be mentioned that the photocatalytic process using NiFe₂O₄-based nanocomposites has been successful in breaking down aqueous solution pollutants.

This article is part of the PhD thesis accepted in Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran coded 456905 and the side project accepted and financially supported by Research deputy of BUMS coded 2039. The authors are also grateful to the staff of the Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC) for assisting in the analyses.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

All the authors mentioned in the manuscript have agreed to authorship, read, and approved the manuscript, and given consent for submission and subsequent publication of the manuscript.

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by E.D. and A.N. The first draft of the manuscript was written by E.D. and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This article is part of the PhD thesis accepted in Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran coded 456905 and the side project accepted and financially support in Research deputy of BUMS coded 6022.

All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.

The authors declare there is no conflict.