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This chapter reviews the transboundary water allocation system in the Amudarya Basin shared by Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The key principles and rules of water allocation in this basin have been set in the Soviet time and validated in 1992 after the countries gained their independence. The treaty-based flexible and specific water allocation formula (percentage of flow) and the operation of joint bodies helped to preserve the resilience of the system during transition. The system would benefit, however, from improved forecasting and an early warning system, annual and long-term planning, coordinated multi-year flow regulation, robust water conservation plans, sound strategies and procedures to deal with droughts and floods. Given the increasing water demand and diminishing water supply in the near future, a more integrated basin allocation planning is required.

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