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Providing clean water to every citizen is a mammoth task due to the increasing pollution and the shrinking and non-uniform distribution of freshwater reserves. It is affecting and threatening environmental well-being and economic growth. The treatment of water and wastewater is essential, along with other measures, to achieve desired water quality. Nanoscale materials-enabled water and wastewater treatment are attractive due to their enhanced ability to scavenge or degrade pollutants. However, the development of practical and sustainable nanomaterials plays a crucial role in the success of the process. Biopolymer-reinforced nanocomposites (BPNC) are gaining interest as practical adsorbents and catalysts for water and wastewater treatment due to their versatility, the ability to contain a wide range of nanomaterials, abundant availability, eco-friendliness, and low cost. BPNCs can be tailored into various forms, including granules with different shapes and sizes, hydrogels, membranes, and coated substrates. Grafting or immobilization of bio-polymer onto nanomaterials prevents aggregation and shapes functionality, selectivity, physical stability, and controlled pore size. This chapter briefly reviews various BPNCs reported for removing contaminants in water and wastewater. The synthesis protocols, challenges, and the associated prospects of BPNCs in the field application are discussed.

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