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Carbon is a unique and exciting material with extensive use in various fields of science and engineering. Purification of water and wastewater is one of the earliest applications of carbon, which has now become an integral part of most household- and community-based water treatment units. Abundant availability, low cost and toxicity, high chemical inertness and thermal stability, and high surface area and pore volume make carbon and its derivatives ideal for water and wastewater treatment. Carbon has been used to remove excess chlorine, disinfection by-products and their precursors, taste and odour compounds, synthetic organic chemicals, heavy metals, and salts from water. Many bulk and nanoscale carbon modifications have been developed, expecting improved properties and enhanced water-purifying ability. This chapter reviews the evolution and application of carbon-based materials in water and wastewater treatment. The synthesis, removal mechanism, and factors affecting purification by carbon filters are discussed. The challenges and future prospects of carbon-based filtration technology are discussed briefly.

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