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Nature-based solutions (NBS) for wastewater treatment present an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional treatment systems. These approaches harness natural processes involving plants, microorganisms, and soil systems to treat and purify wastewater, reducing the reliance on energy-intensive and chemical-based methods. Wetlands, biofilters, and vegetated swales are examples of NBS that utilize natural filtration, adsorption, and microbial degradation to remove contaminants from wastewater, such as nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens. In addition to wastewater purification, these solutions offer co-benefits, including biodiversity enhancement, carbon sequestration, and improved water security. NBS are particularly advantageous in decentralized and rural contexts where traditional infrastructure may be limited, promoting resilience against climate change and providing ecosystem services. However, the effectiveness of NBS can vary based on site-specific factors, such as climate, pollutant load, and land availability, necessitating careful design and monitoring. This chapter will briefly introduce the NBS and its advantages and challenges, which provide a platform for the upcoming chapters incorporating various technologies. Future research is needed to optimize these systems, quantify long-term benefits, and scale their application in urban settings. Overall, NBS represent a promising and versatile approach to achieving sustainable water management and addressing global wastewater challenges.

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