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This study examined the removal efficiency of rice straw charcoal (RSC) for removing Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dye from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewater. This study was conducted using batch adsorption procedures with the influence of various operating factors such as contact time (1–210 min), pH (3–11), adsorbent dosage (1–20 g/L), and initial dye concentration (5–70 mg/L). The highest removal efficiency of RR120 by RSC was 95% from solutions containing 5 mg/L of RR120 dye at a pH of 3, an adsorbent dosage of 10 g/L, and an equilibrium contact time of 120 min. SEM and FTIR characterize the prepared RSC. The adsorption process for RSC is better suited to the Langmuir than to another isotherm model due to a higher R2 value. The highest adsorption capability for RSC was 4.43 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit better than the pseudo-first-order model. Finally, the results suggest that RSC is an eco-friendly and cost-efficient adsorbent that removes RR120 dye from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewater.

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  • A study on the removal of RR120 dye was conducted using RSC.

  • Approximately 95% of the RR120 dye was removed by RSC.

  • The maximum adsorption capacity of RHC RSC was 4.43 mg/g.

  • The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were followed for the removal of RR120 using RSC.

  • RSC showed satisfactory performance for RR120 removal from real wastewater.

adsorption, isotherm, kinetics, Reactive Red 120, rice straw charcoal
© 2025 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Supplementary data

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