Investigation of Ice and Water Properties and Under-ice Light Fields in Fresh and Brackish Water Bodies

Light transmission through ice and light conditions beneath ice have been investigated in the mild winter of the year 2000 in eight Estonian lakes arid in one brackish water basin, Santala Bay in the Gulf of Finland. A new system designed for optical measurements beneath the ice was successfully tested. In the water body the vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature and oxygen were mapped. The concentrations of optically active substances (dissolved organic matter, chlorophyll a, particles) were estimated for water samples and meltwater of ice samples. The PAR band albedo was 0.28-0.76 and transmittance was 1-52% for the ice/snow cover. The light field below ice was much more diffuse than in open water conditions. Euphotic depth was 0.1-5.5 m. The amount of yellow substance in lake ice is very small in comparison with the lake water; lake ice may contain a lot of particles, but their source is atmospheric fallout rather than the water body. In some lakes a depletion of oxygen was observed. There were considerable differences between the fresh and brackish water ice (structure, stratigraphy, amount of impurities), which influenced the underwater light field.