Flow control in a multichamber settling basin by sluice gates driven by a CFD and an ancillary analytical model Open Access

Side intake structures are widely used to divert water from rivers that carry large amounts of sediment. Simple T-junctions are side intakes without damming that are suitable to divert small amounts of water. These intakes are presented and modeled in Neary & Odgaard (1993), Robinson & McGhee (1994), and Neary et al. (1999). To divert larger amounts of water, like in run-of-the-river hydropower plants, side intakes with damming are used. Their features, analyses, and models are presented in May et al. (2003) and Michelazzo et al. (2015).

If the usage of diverted water requires a limited amount of sediments with a specified size, settling basins are usually placed after the intake structures. Where the available space for intake structures is inadequate, instead of constructing long and narrow basins, multichamber settling basins are used. Their use is preferable from the operational point of view (Bishwakarma 2015).

A flow control problem at a side-weir intake with a three-chamber settling basin is addressed in the paper. Figure 1 schematically shows the intake structure of a small hydropower plant (SHPP). The intake consists of a weir, fish path with the system for ensuring environmental flow, a settling basin, and a small headpond. The settling basin consists of the common inlet and outlet zones and three settling chambers. In a settling basin, a settling chamber is the most important part, whose geometry is mainly influenced by size distribution, types, and amounts of sediment carried by the installation water flow. Settling chambers usually have trapezoidal bottom and are characterized by their length, width, depth, and water velocity (Garde et al. 1990; Vittal & Raghav 1997; Ranga Raju et al. 1999; Singh et al. 2008). In this settling basin, each chamber has the following features: length of 30.47 m, width of 3.30 m, depth of the transition zone of 2.20 m, whereas the settling zone has the starting depth of 3.39 m with a slope of 2.5° toward the exit. The maximal water velocity in the chamber is 0.259 m/s. At the entrance of each chamber, there is a sluice gate, which is used during the flushing of the settled sediments. Two gates are simultaneously closed during the flushing of the third chamber, whose gate is fully open.

Immediately after the commissioning of the SHPP in 2014, the malfunctioning of the settling basin was noticed. There were only small amounts of settled sediments in the third chamber. Measurements showed that at the installed flow rate of 5.65 m³/s, the distribution of flows among the chambers is 16.00, 37.97, and 46.03% in the first, second, and third chambers, respectively. The unequal flow distribution among the chambers is identified as the main reason for the malfunctioning of the settling basin. The distribution causes that the average water velocities in the second, and especially in the third chamber (see Figure 2), exceed the maximal design velocity. During 5 years of operation, the problem decreased electricity production by 8%. A potentially more severe problem caused by nonsettled sediments is the endangerment of two turbines, each with a capacity of 1.35 MW. The turbines are parts of a combined system, which is described in detail in Karamarković et al. (2018).

To equalize the flows through the chambers, three solutions have been considered: (i) reconstruction according to the best practice implemented in the design of side water intakes with multichamber settling basins, (ii) the use of flow deflectors, bulkheads, etc., in the common inlet zone (Nikolić et al. 2021), and (iii) flow control by the use of sluice gates (Swamee 1992; Akoz et al. 2009; Erdbrink et al. 2014). Because of a large investment and long cessation of operation during the fixed subsidiary period, the reconstruction was excluded from the analysis. In the paper, the efforts are concentrated on the third method, which is the simplest, least time-consuming, and most economical for flow control through the chambers of the settling basin. To perform the task, a deep insight into the velocity field inside the intake is needed. This is achieved by the development of a 3D CFD model (Khan et al. 2005; Issakhanian et al. 2019). The model is verified based on the flow measurements that are performed according to ISO 748:2007 (ISO 748 2007). To speed up solution finding by the CFD model, an ancillary analytical model is developed. The review of additional so-called ‘Data-driven models’ that are used to help CFD models in solution finding is presented in detail in Solomatine & Ostfeld (2008).

To equalize the flows through the chambers of the settling basin, three sluice gates are used (see Figures 1 and 5). To find their positions, the following methodologies were considered: (1) measurements combined with trial-and-error method (TAE), (2) measurements combined with regression analysis (RA), (3) CFD model combined with TAE, (4) CFD model combined with RA, (5) CFD model supported by a one-dimensional flow model, and (6) CFD model supported with a simple analytical model. Тhe additional models and RA were intended to speed up the solution finding. The first four methodologies from the previous list were excluded because of the inability for proper flow measurements. Namely, the upper surface of the weir is made of reinforced concrete and has only three slits, which are used as the openings for the gates (see Figure 5). Not only do the immersed gates reduce the necessary space for the access of measuring equipment but also the measurements at these positions are not reliable (ISO 748 2007).

Figure 3 shows the procedure used for solving the problem by the fifth and sixth methodology. Initially, a 3D CFD model of the side-weir intake was developed and validated with the flow measurements according to ISO 748. The boundary conditions were adjusted so that the relative error between the flow measurements and the model predictions defers less than 8.5%. This limit is equal to the calculated measurement uncertainty, which is defined by several ISO standards (BS ISO 5168 2005; BS ISO 1088 2007; ISO 748 2007) (see Equation (3)).

The idea was to use the CFD model to find the solution with the help of an as simple as possible analytical model, which would be used as a tugboat that would navigate the CFD model faster toward the solution. The additional value of the analytical model would be in the dynamic flow control by the sluice gates. The development of a model analogous to a one-dimensional pipe flow model was initially tried. Its development was prevented by the inability to find minor pressure losses for a sluice gate at an open channel and for the common inlet zone (see Figures 1 and 4). In addition, the one-dimensional model for the outlet zone that consisted of two T-pipes and a 90° elbow (Idel'chik 1966) (see Figure 4(a)) showed a discrepancy with the CFD data because the real flow has three-dimensional nature. The disruption of one-dimensional flow is caused by: (i) a reinforced concrete beam that submerges the flow streams below the height of the outlet from the reservoir, which (ii) compared with the chambers has a much larger cross-sectional flow area. These were the reasons why the analogy with a one-dimensional flow model was abandoned and a bit more complex ancillary model was developed. The principle behind this analytical model is that the total flow is divided into three parallel streams (see Figure 4(a)). These streams are imaginary in the inlet and outlet zones and real in the chambers, and they have pressure drops equal to the real pressure drop. In the ancillary model, the equations for the minor losses were obtained by uniting simulation results, which were obtained by the CFD model, with RA. In this way, obtained equations for minor pressure losses in the inlet and outlet zones were verified indirectly by the verification of the analytical model. Similarly, the equation obtained for the pressure loss at the sluice gate was verified indirectly and additionally checked by the comparison with the equation for pressure drop at a gate valve installed on a closed channel (Idel'chik 1966).

It was assumed that the use of sluice gates would disturb downstream velocity profile and create backflow and vortices. Tranquilizing racks are used to prevent these disturbances by the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. In each chamber, the use of three rows of tranquilizing racks made of ‘V’ shaped bars is analyzed. Figure 4 shows the design, geometry, and positions of tranquilizing racks, whose characteristics are taken based on the model given in Paschmann (2018). For this type of rack bar, Paschmann et al. (2017) and Paschmann (2018) give the optimal structure configurations.

To equalize the flows, three solutions with:

1. fix positions of the sluice gates for all flow rates,

2. fix positions of the gates for flow rates above 3.67 m³/s and the complete opening of the passages for lower flow rates, and

3. variable positions of the gates so as the average velocities in the chambers not to exceed the designed value, i.e., 0.259 m/s, are analyzed.

The CFD model and the measurements showed that below 3.67 m³/s, the average water velocity in each chamber is lower than the designed value. These three solutions are verified, and the optimal among them is chosen by the cost–benefit analysis.

To analyze the present state, a CFD model of the side water intake is used. Figure 5 shows the 3D model of the weir intake (Karamarković et al. 2018) with the main dimensions. At the entrance of each chamber, there is a sluice gate. The slits that allow movements of the sluice gates and the measurement of water velocities are the only opening on the reinforced concrete plate.

The model of the water intake, shown in Figure 5, is used to define a fluid domain. This domain has a total volume of 2,721.1 m³ through which the water flows with an average temperature of 12 °C and density of 999.45 kg/m³ (The Engineering ToolBox n.d.).

Figure 5 also shows the boundary conditions for the fluid domain. The entrance into the structure is the watercourse with the boundary type ‘inlet’, where the river flow is defined as an equally distributed water velocity over the cross-section. Two boundary conditions of the ‘outlet’ type define the exit from the structure: (i) the water flow into the penstock is defined by equal water velocities over the cross-section of the penstock at the distance of 20 m from the entrance and (ii) the water flow into the fish path, which is used to secure the environmental flow, is defined by the option ‘static pressure’ and by the relative pressure of 0 Pa. Because of the assumption of quasi-stationary flow, the upper water surface is modeled as the ‘free slip wall’, whereas all other surfaces are modeled as the ‘no-slip wall’. These boundary conditions are identical as in Erdbrink et al. (2014), where a steady flow CFD model is used for the flow control by sluice gates, also in the case of free water surface.

The mesh consists of 2,432,345 nodes and 1,372,530 elements, each with an average volume of 1.98 × 10⁻⁴ m³. The minimum length of a side of an element is 5 mm, whereas the maximum one is 120 mm.

The commercially available software Ansys (CFD Simulation Software, ANSYS Fluids) and its integration module CFX (ANSYS CFX: Turbomachinery CFD Simulation n.d.), according to the defined geometry, boundary conditions, and the mesh, performed the numerical simulation of water flow through the weir intake in steady-state conditions. The absolute convergence criterion that the residual is less than 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ is used for all the simulations.

As the water's surface is free (no flow under pressure), the flow through the settling basin is considered as an open-channel flow. For this reason, the flow through the settling basin is measured by means of a current meter. The measurements were conducted according to EN ISO 748: 2007 (ISO 748 2007). The standard specifies methods for determining the velocity and cross-sectional area of water flowing in open channels and for computing the discharge therefrom. The standard deals only with single measurements of the discharge.

The cross-sectional areas of water were determined by the measuring rod BOSH GR 500 Professional (GR 500 Professional Measuring Rod, Bosch).

Figure 6 shows the plane where the measurements were performed. The widths of the chambers b-I, b-II, and b-III were measured along the reference line at the upper plate of the settling basin (see Figure 5). The depths of water in the chambers were also measured from the upper plate by measuring the depths of the chambers and the water level in relation to the reference line. The difference between these two measured values corresponds to the depth of water in the chambers h_x. The size of x is the value by which the sluice gates are constantly immersed in the water. In that way (in the plane in which the measurements were performed), the level of water in the chambers is reduced to the value h_x − x. The widths of the chambers are 3.20, 3.06, and 3.16 m, respectively. These values belong to the group from 3 to 5 m for which the standard (ISO 748 2007) proposes velocity measurements in the range from 13 to 16 verticals. As the measured values are very close to the lower limit of the range, 13 verticals were selected.

Figure 6 also shows the velocity measuring plan, which is formed based on the number of verticals and the number of measuring points per one vertical defined by Equation (1). The spots in Figure 6 represent the measuring points – there are 78 in each of the three chambers, i.e., 234 in the measuring plane. The ISO standard (ISO 748 2007) defines that the exposure time of the current meter at each measuring point must be 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 min. In the paper, considering the large number of measuring points, the least allowed exposure time of 0.5 min was selected. The necessary condition for the successful measurement of the velocity field is to maintain a constant flow through the SHPPs, i.e., through the examined settling basin.

The model was verified by three particular measurement sessions at different rates of discharge, which were constant and approximately 100, 72, and 52% of the installed flow. The velocity measurement plan, which is schematically shown in Figure 6, was used for these measurements. The exposure time of the measuring device at each point was 30 s. In the remainder, only the detailed measuring results at the installed flow rate are presented.

Figure 7 shows the comparative results of mean velocities in the verticals from 1 (V-1) to 13 (V-13) in all three chambers. The mean velocities in the verticals were calculated using Equation (1) based on the measured and simulated values. The width of the chamber and the distances between the verticals are defined according to the Standard (ISO 748 2007).

Based on the calculated mean velocities in the verticals and the known widths and depths of the water in the chambers, flow rates through the settling basin were calculated. The uncertainty in the flow measurement is 8.48% with a confidence level of 95% and was calculated by Equation (3).

Table 1 shows the relative errors of discrepancies in the chambers for the flow rates obtained by the CFD model in relation to the flow rates obtained by the measurements. The errors for all measurements in all three chambers are less than the calculated measurement uncertainty of 8.48% so that the results of the CFD model can be considered to represent a realistic image of the flow through the chambers of the settling basin.

To speed up the CFD model, an ancillary analytical model is developed and is used for the dynamic flow control by the sluice gates. The inlet section of the model is placed just downstream of the inlet screen, whereas the outlet section is placed at the exit of the common outlet zone (see Figures 1 and 4(a)). The screen does not influence the flow distribution in the settling basin because of its design. This is verified by the CFD model and can be seen in Figure 2.

In Equations (4)–(6) for the i-th streamline (subscript i = 1 ÷ 3), and in (Pa) are the pressure drops made by imaginary streams in the inlet and outlet sections, in (Pa) are the pressure drops at the sluice gates, and in (Pa) are the pressure drops due to friction in the settling chambers. The friction losses are calculated by the Darcy–Weisbach equation (Anagnostopoulos & Papantonis 2007), whereas the other pressure drops are calculated using minor loss coefficients, whose determinations are explained in the following sections.

Table 3 shows the comparison of minor loss coefficients obtained by Equation (7) and by the equation taken from Idel'chik (1966) for closed channel gate valve depending on the relative openness of the gates. In the range from 20 to 80% of the nominal flow rate, these expressions have a good correlation. Compared with the closed channel, the open channel sluice gate produces a slightly larger pressure drop because of the free movement of the water surface in front of the gate.

Figure 13 illustrates the results obtained by solving the analytical model for sluice gate positions. These are obtained for three types of flow control: (i) fix positions for all flow rates, (ii) fix positions for flow rates above 3.67 m³/s, and (iii) variable positions of the gates so that the average water velocities do not exceed the designed value for the settling chambers, i.e., 0.259 m/s.

Table 6 and Figure 14 show the verification of previously mentioned results by the CFD model. Table 6 shows that the usage of sluice gates equalizes the flow rates and average velocities among the chambers. However, their usage impacts the downstream velocity profiles, which are shown in Figure 14 for all the chambers in eight equidistant sections at the installed flow rate. The flow disturbances propagate approximately up to the middle of the third and up to the first third of the second chamber. The highest velocities are at the bottom and are shifted toward the outer curve of the common inlet zone. The positive in this velocity profile is that the highest velocities are at the bottom, where the settling path is the shortest.

Figure 15 shows the propagation of velocity disturbances in the third chamber, which is critical because of the largest closeness of the sluice gate. The problem is accentuated at the highest flow rates and could be mitigated using tranquilizing racks. The racks are used to create a well-distributed flow in the chambers by the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. Figure 4 shows the features of the analyzed racks made of ‘V’ shaped bars that are used to mitigate turbulent flows in all three chambers. Figures 14 and 15 show CFD simulations, which examine the usage of tranquilizing racks just downstream of the gates. Their use reduces the zone of disturbance and maximal velocities and completely stops backflow and vortices. Figure 15 shows the development of secondary flow near the water surfaces behind the tranquilizing rack. This flow has a minor influence on the settling process.

Table 7 shows the influence of the three analyzed flow control solutions on electricity production. These are calculated based on the flow duration curve (given in Supplementary Material, Appendix A) and pressure losses, which are shown in Figure 16 and obtained by Equations (4)–(6). Figure 16 also shows the equations for pressure losses through the weir depending on the flow rate and the type of flow control. Compared with the solutions that have fix positions of sluice gates, the dynamic control causes smaller pressure losses. However, regardless of the type, the flow control causes the pressure drop that is negligible (221 Pa, see Figure 16) if compared with the total pressure drop at the SHPP (82,196 Pa) (Karamarković et al. 2016, 2018). The applied type of flow control is almost irrelevant to the electricity production. From this fact, it is obvious that economic analysis favors simple solutions that have fix sluice gate positions.

The main conclusions regarding the problem are as follows:

1. The existing sluice gates can be used to control the flows through the settling chambers. Their application equalizes flow rates and average velocities among the chambers but influences the downstream velocity profiles. To create a well-distributed flow without vortices in the chambers, tranquilizing racks should be used just after the gates. In the examined case, their usage completely stops backflow and vortices and reduces maximal velocities in the chambers.

2. All three analyzed solutions, two with fix and one with variable positions of the sluice gates, are applicable and all have a small impact on electricity production. Consequently, the cheapest solution that uses permanent positions of the sluice gates is preferable.

3. The geometrical and flow symmetry eliminates the need for flow control in multichamber settling basins.

4. Compared with the pressure losses in the inlet and outlet zones of a multichamber settling basin, the losses in the settling chambers are much smaller. Therefore, in this type of basin, the different widths could not be used to equalize flows through the settling chambers.

The main conclusions regarding the problem and the applied methodology for its solving are as follows:

• If the intake design enables reliable flow measurements, their combination with RA is the easiest and the least time-consuming way to solve this kind of problem.

• If verified CFD models exist for similar flow control problems, the solution finding could be speeded up by combining the model with RA.

• In flow control problems, where proper measurements are not possible, as in the presented case, the solution finding with the CFD model could be speeded up using a simple analytical or ‘data-driven’ model.

• Equation (7) can be used to calculate pressure drops at open-channel sluice gates.

This research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant No. 451-03-9/2021-14/200108).

All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.