Detection and attribution of seasonal temperature changes in India with climate models in the CMIP5 archive

This study analyzes the change in annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperature (T_max and T_min) during the period 1950–2005 (i.e., second half of the 20th century). In-depth analyses have been carried out for all over India as well as for five temperature homogenous regions of India separately. First, the temporal variations of annual and seasonal T_max and T_min are analyzed, employing the trend free pre-whitening Mann-Kendall approach. Secondly, it is assessed whether the observations contain significant signals above the natural internal variability determined from a long ‘piControl’ experiment, using Monte Carlo simulation. Thirdly, fingerprint based formal detection and attribution analysis is used to determine the signal strengths of observed and model simulations with respect to different considered experiments. Finally, these signal strengths are compared to attribute the observed changes in T_max and T_min to different factors. All the model simulated datasets are retrieved from the CMIP5 archive. It is noticed that the emergence of observed trends is more pronounced in T_min compared to T_max. Although observed changes are not solely associated with one specific causative factor, most of the changes in T_min lie above the bounds of natural internal climate variability.