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The main objective of this study is to understand the effects of climate change on the environment and natural resources in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. This paper focuses on the changes in land use and land cover (LULC) for 20 years and its effect on land surface temperature (LST), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and groundwater level in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The study places a significant emphasis on the role of the urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI) in understanding the effect of the urban heat index (UHI) on the groundwater level. A random forest (RF) model is used for LULC mapping with the help of Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The results showed that the LST and UHI indexes directly affect the LULC classes and groundwater in the Chhatarpur district. This study found that in 2021, the urban area will increase, impacting the LST of metropolitan areas and nearby areas. Similarly, agriculture and land waste decreased in 2021. The results of this study, which can help understand the environmental and LULC changes, have the potential to significantly influence policy and development activities in the study area.

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  • LULC effect on LST, NDVI, and groundwater level.

  • RF model is used for LULC mapping with the help of Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS in the GEE platform.

  • The LST and UHI indexes directly affect the LULC classes and groundwater.

groundwater resources, LST, LULC, UHI, UTFVI
© 2025 The Authors
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