Indicator organisms are used to assess public health risk in recreational waters, to highlight periods of challenge to drinking water treatment plants, and to determine the effectiveness of treatment and the quality of distributed water. However, many have questioned their efficacy for indicating pathogen risk. Five hundred and forty cases representing independent indicator–pathogen correlations were obtained from the literature for the period 1970–2009. The data were analyzed to assess factors affecting correlations using a logistic regression model considering indicator classes, pathogen classes, water types, pathogen sources, sample size, the number of samples with pathogens, the detection method, year of publication and statistical methods. Although no single indicator was identified as the most correlated with pathogens, coliphages, F-specific coliphages, Clostridium perfringens, fecal streptococci and total coliforms were more likely than other indicators to be correlated with pathogens. The most important factors in determining correlations between indicator–pathogen pairs were the sample size and the number of samples positive for pathogens. Pathogen sources, detection methods and other variables have little influence on correlations between indicators and pathogens. Results suggest that much of the controversy with regards to indicator and pathogen correlations is the result of studies with insufficient data for assessing correlations.
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Research Article|
April 25 2011
Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research
J. Wu;
J. Wu
1Gillings School of Global Public Health, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
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S. C. Long;
S. C. Long
2Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene and Department of Soil Science, 2601 Agriculture Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53718, USA
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D. Das;
D. Das
3Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2121 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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S. M. Dorner
4Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C3A7
E-mail: sarah.dorner@polymtl.ca
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J Water Health (2011) 9 (2): 265–278.
Article history
Received:
June 29 2010
Accepted:
November 11 2010
Citation
J. Wu, S. C. Long, D. Das, S. M. Dorner; Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research. J Water Health 1 June 2011; 9 (2): 265–278. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.117
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