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We have collected temperature data from the existing climatic stations maintained and operated by two official authorities of Pakistan, one in India and another in China (Table 1). Therefore, these data are from reliable sources and are of good quality as described below.

Table 1

List of climatic stations from where data are collected and used in this investigation

			Coordinates
Station	Watershed	Altitude (m)	Latitude	Longitude	Period of record	No. of years	Source*
Astore	Astore	2,168	35.3665	74.8647	1954–2010	57	1
Rama	Astore	3,179	35.4548	74.7765	1999–2010	12	2
Rattu	Astore	2,718	35.1615	74.7852	1999–2010	12	2
Burzil	Outside	4,239	34.8994	75.0791	1999–2010	12	2
Gilgit	Gilgit	1,460	35.9206	74.3271	1951–2010	60	1
Ushkore	Gilgit	3,051	36.0271	73.4148	1999–2010	12	2
Yasin	Gilgit	3,280	36.4505	73.2942	1999–2010	12	2
Gupis	Gilgit	2,156	36.1789	73.4386	1955–2010	56	1
Shandur	Outside	3,712	36.0878	72.5474	1994–2010	17	2
Zani Pass	Outside	3,839	36.3518	72.1691	1994–2010	17	2
Hunza	Hunza	2,374	36.3220	74.6461	2007–2010	4	1
Naltar	Hunza	2,898	36.1679	74.1753	1999–2012	12	2
Khunjerab	Hunza	4,630	36.8119	75.3321	1999–2013	12	2
Ziarat	Hunza	3,020	36.8290	74.4178	1999–2014	12	2
Shigar	Shigar	2,367	35.6982	75.4814	1996–2010	15	2
Hushey	Shyok	3,075	35.3424	76.1395	1994–2010	17	2
Deosai	Upper Indus	4,149	35.003756	75.592112	1994–2010	17	2
Bunji	Upper Indus	1,372	35.6462	74.6292	1953–2010	58	1
Skardu	Upper Indus	2,317	35.2864	75.5630	1952–2010	59	1
Leh	Upper Indus	3,505	34.164	77.587	1876–1990	106	3
Demchok	Upper Indus	4,278	32.500	80.080	1979–2010	31	4

			Coordinates
Station	Watershed	Altitude (m)	Latitude	Longitude	Period of record	No. of years	Source*
Astore	Astore	2,168	35.3665	74.8647	1954–2010	57	1
Rama	Astore	3,179	35.4548	74.7765	1999–2010	12	2
Rattu	Astore	2,718	35.1615	74.7852	1999–2010	12	2
Burzil	Outside	4,239	34.8994	75.0791	1999–2010	12	2
Gilgit	Gilgit	1,460	35.9206	74.3271	1951–2010	60	1
Ushkore	Gilgit	3,051	36.0271	73.4148	1999–2010	12	2
Yasin	Gilgit	3,280	36.4505	73.2942	1999–2010	12	2
Gupis	Gilgit	2,156	36.1789	73.4386	1955–2010	56	1
Shandur	Outside	3,712	36.0878	72.5474	1994–2010	17	2
Zani Pass	Outside	3,839	36.3518	72.1691	1994–2010	17	2
Hunza	Hunza	2,374	36.3220	74.6461	2007–2010	4	1
Naltar	Hunza	2,898	36.1679	74.1753	1999–2012	12	2
Khunjerab	Hunza	4,630	36.8119	75.3321	1999–2013	12	2
Ziarat	Hunza	3,020	36.8290	74.4178	1999–2014	12	2
Shigar	Shigar	2,367	35.6982	75.4814	1996–2010	15	2
Hushey	Shyok	3,075	35.3424	76.1395	1994–2010	17	2
Deosai	Upper Indus	4,149	35.003756	75.592112	1994–2010	17	2
Bunji	Upper Indus	1,372	35.6462	74.6292	1953–2010	58	1
Skardu	Upper Indus	2,317	35.2864	75.5630	1952–2010	59	1
Leh	Upper Indus	3,505	34.164	77.587	1876–1990	106	3
Demchok	Upper Indus	4,278	32.500	80.080	1979–2010	31	4

*Sources: 1 = Pakistan Meteorological Department; 2 = Water and Power Development Authority, Pakistan; 3 = Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) (at Leh, data for 1970–1977 are missing); 4 = China Meteorological Administration. All stations' daily data (except Leh and Demchok) have been obtained, and a monthly average has been estimated from these datasets.

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