Recharge below 1 m depth was estimated at 10 sites from June 23, 2009 to July 12, 2010: two grasslands (OPEN1 – abandoned pasture, OPEN2 – hay field), three mixed hardwood (MH) stands, three young RP (YP) and two old RP (OP) plantations (Figure 1; Table 1). All were on outcropping glaciofluvial sands and gravels on either Pontypool sand or Pontypool gravely sand soils, and were on level ground to minimize potential for lateral water flow. Areas with minimal undergrowth were selected to limit the effects of undergrowth interception and increased permeability associated with undergrowth root networks (Greenwood & Buttle 2014a).