The layout of the pipeline system used in the experiments is shown in Figure 5 and the physical details are given in Table 2. The wave speeds are calculated using the theoretical wave speed formula (Wylie & Streeter 1993). The following parameter values are used: Young's modulus of a copper pipe 
, restraint factor for thick-walled copper pipe anchored throughout , bulk modulus of elasticity of water at 15 °C is , and density of water at 15 °C is . The restraint factor is a dimensionless parameter that depends on the elastic properties and the constraint condition of the pipe (Wylie & Streeter 1993).
, restraint factor for thick-walled copper pipe anchored throughout , bulk modulus of elasticity of water at 15 °C is , and density of water at 15 °C is . The restraint factor is a dimensionless parameter that depends on the elastic properties and the constraint condition of the pipe (Wylie & Streeter 1993).Table 2
Physical details of the pipeline system used in the laboratory experiments
| Pipe class | Internal diameter (symbol = value (mm)) | Wall thickness (symbol = value (mm)) | Wave speed (symbol = value (m/s)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | D0 = 22.14 | e0 = 1.63 | a0 = 1,319 |
| B | D1 = 22.96 | e1 = 1.22 | a1 = 1,273 |
| C | D2 = 23.58 | e2 = 0.91 | a2 = 1,217 |
| Pipe class | Internal diameter (symbol = value (mm)) | Wall thickness (symbol = value (mm)) | Wave speed (symbol = value (m/s)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | D0 = 22.14 | e0 = 1.63 | a0 = 1,319 |
| B | D1 = 22.96 | e1 = 1.22 | a1 = 1,273 |
| C | D2 = 23.58 | e2 = 0.91 | a2 = 1,217 |
Figure 5
System layout of the experimental pipeline system.