WQI is an important parameter for identifying the water quality and its sustainability for drinking purposes (Magesh
et al. 2013; Kumar
et al. 2015). In the present study,
WQI was computed for 29 groundwater samples. First, important water quality parameters (pH, TDS, HCO
32−, Cl
−, SO
42−, NO
3−, Ca
2+, Mg
2+, Na
+, As, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ni, and U) were selected and a weight was assigned to each parameter depending upon the effect on human health. In addition, the limit values of the World Health Organization's guidelines (WHO 2008) were utilized in the calculations (Table 2). The highest weight of 5 was assigned to parameters such as TDS, NO
3−, and As which have the major effects on water quality for especially drinking purposes. HCO
32−, Ca
2+, Mg
2+, Pb, Ni, and U have been assigned a weight of 3 taking into consideration their importance in water quality. The relative weights (Wi) are computed for each parameter and results are given in Table 2. The WQI values have been calculated using related equations (Equations (2)–(4)) given in the Methodology section, and
WQI results and water types for individual samples are presented in Table 3.
WQI interpolation maps of the study area were prepared using GIS techniques and are presented in
Figure 6.
Table 2Relative weight of chemical parameters
Parameters
. | WHO (2008) standards
. | Weight (wi)
. | Relative weight (Wi)
. |
---|
pH | 6.5–8.5 | 4 | 0.0727 |
TDS | 500 | 5 | 0.0909 |
HCO3 | 500 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Cl | 250 | 4 | 0.0727 |
SO4 | 250 | 4 | 0.0727 |
NO3 | 50 | 5 | 0.0909 |
Ca | 300 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Mg | 30 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Na | 200 | 2 | 0.0364 |
As | 0.01 | 5 | 0.0909 |
Cr | 0.05 | 4 | 0.0727 |
Mn | 0.40 | 4 | 0.0727 |
Pb | 0.01 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Ni | 0.07 | 3 | 0.0545 |
U | 0.03 | 3 | 0.0545 |
| | ∑wi = 55 | ∑Wi = 1 |
Parameters
. | WHO (2008) standards
. | Weight (wi)
. | Relative weight (Wi)
. |
---|
pH | 6.5–8.5 | 4 | 0.0727 |
TDS | 500 | 5 | 0.0909 |
HCO3 | 500 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Cl | 250 | 4 | 0.0727 |
SO4 | 250 | 4 | 0.0727 |
NO3 | 50 | 5 | 0.0909 |
Ca | 300 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Mg | 30 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Na | 200 | 2 | 0.0364 |
As | 0.01 | 5 | 0.0909 |
Cr | 0.05 | 4 | 0.0727 |
Mn | 0.40 | 4 | 0.0727 |
Pb | 0.01 | 3 | 0.0545 |
Ni | 0.07 | 3 | 0.0545 |
U | 0.03 | 3 | 0.0545 |
| | ∑wi = 55 | ∑Wi = 1 |
Table 3WQI values and water types of the samples
Sample no.
. | WQI
. | Water type
. |
---|
1 | 31.8 | Excellent water |
2 | 21.7 | Excellent water |
3 | 37.8 | Excellent water |
4 | 39.1 | Excellent water |
5 | 30.3 | Excellent water |
6 | 33.3 | Excellent water |
7 | 30.0 | Excellent water |
8 | 37.8 | Excellent water |
9 | 26.4 | Excellent water |
10 | 26.1 | Excellent water |
11 | 32.9 | Excellent water |
12 | 26.3 | Excellent water |
13 | 36.0 | Excellent water |
14 | 28.7 | Excellent water |
15 | 24.7 | Excellent water |
16 | 28.3 | Excellent water |
17 | 26.3 | Excellent water |
18 | 26.3 | Excellent water |
19 | 34.2 | Excellent water |
20 | 41.1 | Excellent water |
21 | 50.8 | Good water |
22 | 38.7 | Excellent water |
23 | 48.8 | Excellent water |
24 | 54.6 | Good water |
25 | 31.1 | Excellent water |
26 | 32.4 | Excellent water |
27 | 45.5 | Excellent water |
28 | 50.9 | Good water |
29 | 43.7 | Excellent water |
Sample no.
. | WQI
. | Water type
. |
---|
1 | 31.8 | Excellent water |
2 | 21.7 | Excellent water |
3 | 37.8 | Excellent water |
4 | 39.1 | Excellent water |
5 | 30.3 | Excellent water |
6 | 33.3 | Excellent water |
7 | 30.0 | Excellent water |
8 | 37.8 | Excellent water |
9 | 26.4 | Excellent water |
10 | 26.1 | Excellent water |
11 | 32.9 | Excellent water |
12 | 26.3 | Excellent water |
13 | 36.0 | Excellent water |
14 | 28.7 | Excellent water |
15 | 24.7 | Excellent water |
16 | 28.3 | Excellent water |
17 | 26.3 | Excellent water |
18 | 26.3 | Excellent water |
19 | 34.2 | Excellent water |
20 | 41.1 | Excellent water |
21 | 50.8 | Good water |
22 | 38.7 | Excellent water |
23 | 48.8 | Excellent water |
24 | 54.6 | Good water |
25 | 31.1 | Excellent water |
26 | 32.4 | Excellent water |
27 | 45.5 | Excellent water |
28 | 50.9 | Good water |
29 | 43.7 | Excellent water |
Figure 6
Spatial distribution map of the WQI.
Figure 6
Spatial distribution map of the WQI.
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