The default values used to estimate potential exposure from drinking contaminated water and the default values (USEPA 2001) that are used to estimate dermal ADD for adults and children are given in Table 4. Kp is dermal permeability coefficient in water, unit in cm/h. The default permeability constants for all other inorganic compounds are provided in USEPA (2004) and Kp values for several inorganic compounds are given in Table 5.

Table 4

Default values for drinking water and dermal routine

VariablesAdultsChildren
L (L/day) 2 1 
EF (days/year) 365 oral; 350 dermal 365 oral; 350 dermal 
ED (year) 30 6 
BW (kg) 70 15 
AT (in day) 10,950 2,190 
SA (cm2) 18,000 6,600 
ET (h/day) 2.6 1 
VariablesAdultsChildren
L (L/day) 2 1 
EF (days/year) 365 oral; 350 dermal 365 oral; 350 dermal 
ED (year) 30 6 
BW (kg) 70 15 
AT (in day) 10,950 2,190 
SA (cm2) 18,000 6,600 
ET (h/day) 2.6 1 
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Table 5

Kp, RfD, SF values and HI for each element

 Kp (cm/h)RfD-oral (mg/kg/d)RfD-dermal (mg/kg/d)SF (kg d/mg)HQingestionHQdermalHI = ΣHQsCancer riskingestion
AdultChildAdultChildAdultChildAdultChild
Al 1 × 10−3 1 0.1  1.23 × 10−2/8.57 × 10−5 1.00 × 10−2/6.67 × 10−5 2.76 × 10−3/6.41 × 10−6 1.82 × 10−3/8.44 × 10−6 1.51 × 10−2/7.00 × 10−5 1.06 × 10−2/7.09 × 10−5   
As 1 × 10−3 3 × 10−4 1.23 × 10−4 1.5 1.22 × 100/3.81 × 10−1 2.84 × 100/8.89 × 10−1 2.08 × 10−2/6.67 × 10−2 1.37 × 10−2/4.08 × 10−2 1.29 × 100/4.02 × 10−1 2.89 × 100/9.03 × 10−1 1.71 × 10−4/5.49 × 10−4 1.01 × 10−3/9.90 × 10−4 
B 1 × 10−3 0.2 1.4 × 10−2  1.01 × 10−2/9.71 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−2/7.33 × 10−3 1.01 × 10−3/9.62 × 10−4 1.08 × 10−3/9.95 × 10−4 1.00 × 10−2/9.43 × 10−4 1.09 × 10−2/8.00 × 10−3   
Ba 1 × 10−3 0.2 1.4 × 10−2  1.16 × 10−2/8.06 × 10−4 1.85 × 10−1/6.4 × 10−3 1.16 × 10−2/8.79 × 10−4 1.68 × 10−2/5.78 × 10−4 1.05 × 10−1/9.84 × 10−3 2.02 × 10−1/6.97 × 10−3   
Cr 1 × 10−3 3 × 10−3 7.5 × 10−5 7.3 × 10−3 1.33 × 10−2/8.57 × 10−3 1.21 × 100/8.00 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2/8.80 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−1/9.56 × 10−3 1.08 × 10−1/9.40 × 10−2 1.00 × 10−1/9.19 × 10−2 1.14 × 10−5/7.51 × 10−7 1.30 × 10−5/8.27 × 10−7 
Cu 1 × 10−3 3.7 × 10−2 8 × 10−3  1.38 × 10−2/9.03 × 10−3 1.17 × 10−2/8.83 × 10−3 1.04 × 10−4/7.21 × 10−5 1.80 × 10−3/8.44 × 10−5 1.29 × 10−2/9.97 × 10−3 1.21 × 10−2/9.09 × 10−3   
Fe 1 × 10−3 0.3 0.14  5.53 × 10−2/8.57 × 10−4 1.29 × 10−1/5.56 × 10−3 2.66 × 10−3/9.16 × 10−5 1.75 × 10−3/7.53 × 10−5 5.80 × 10−2/8.98 × 10−4 1.31 × 10−1/5.63 × 10−3   
Mn 1 × 10−3 0.14 1.84 × 10−3  1.23 × 10−3/8.16 × 10−6 1.04 × 10−2/5.24 × 10−5 1.69 × 10−2/8.01 × 10−5 1.11 × 10−2/9.17 × 10−6 1.21 × 10−2/6.08 × 10−5 1.02 × 10−3/7.76 × 10−5   
Ni 2 × 10−4 2 × 10−2 5.4 × 10−3  1.00 × 10−3/1.43 × 10−4 1.07 × 10−2/3.33 × 10−4 1.66 × 10−5/2.37 × 10−6 1.09 × 10−5/1.56 × 10−6 1.02 × 10−3/1.45 × 10−4 1.07 × 10−2/3.35 × 10−4   
Pb 1 × 10−4 3.6 × 10−3  5.5 × 10−2 2.78 × 10−2/7.94 × 10−4 1.11 × 10−2/7.41 × 10−3     1.26 × 10−6/9.43 × 10−7 1.28 × 10−5/7.33 × 10−7 
U 1 × 10−3 3 × 10−3  0.4 1.30 × 10−2/9.14 × 10−3 1.22 × 10−1/9.91 × 10−2     1.15 × 10−4/9.26 × 10−6 1.02 × 10−4/6.67 × 10−6 
Zn 6 × 10−4 0.3 6 × 10−2  1.07 × 10−3/8.57 × 10−5 1.09 × 10−3/9.78 × 10−4 1.63 × 10−4/8.98 × 10−6 1.78 × 10−4/7.17 × 10−6 1.14 × 10−3/9.15 × 10−5 1.68 × 10−2/9.96 × 10−4   
NO3  1.6 0.8  6.52 × 10−2/1.55 × 10−2 1.01 × 10−1/9.67 × 10−2 1.01 × 10−3/7.93 × 10−4 1.10 × 10−3/8.81 × 10−4 1.62 × 10−2/6.81 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−1/9.83 × 10−2   
 Kp (cm/h)RfD-oral (mg/kg/d)RfD-dermal (mg/kg/d)SF (kg d/mg)HQingestionHQdermalHI = ΣHQsCancer riskingestion
AdultChildAdultChildAdultChildAdultChild
Al 1 × 10−3 1 0.1  1.23 × 10−2/8.57 × 10−5 1.00 × 10−2/6.67 × 10−5 2.76 × 10−3/6.41 × 10−6 1.82 × 10−3/8.44 × 10−6 1.51 × 10−2/7.00 × 10−5 1.06 × 10−2/7.09 × 10−5   
As 1 × 10−3 3 × 10−4 1.23 × 10−4 1.5 1.22 × 100/3.81 × 10−1 2.84 × 100/8.89 × 10−1 2.08 × 10−2/6.67 × 10−2 1.37 × 10−2/4.08 × 10−2 1.29 × 100/4.02 × 10−1 2.89 × 100/9.03 × 10−1 1.71 × 10−4/5.49 × 10−4 1.01 × 10−3/9.90 × 10−4 
B 1 × 10−3 0.2 1.4 × 10−2  1.01 × 10−2/9.71 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−2/7.33 × 10−3 1.01 × 10−3/9.62 × 10−4 1.08 × 10−3/9.95 × 10−4 1.00 × 10−2/9.43 × 10−4 1.09 × 10−2/8.00 × 10−3   
Ba 1 × 10−3 0.2 1.4 × 10−2  1.16 × 10−2/8.06 × 10−4 1.85 × 10−1/6.4 × 10−3 1.16 × 10−2/8.79 × 10−4 1.68 × 10−2/5.78 × 10−4 1.05 × 10−1/9.84 × 10−3 2.02 × 10−1/6.97 × 10−3   
Cr 1 × 10−3 3 × 10−3 7.5 × 10−5 7.3 × 10−3 1.33 × 10−2/8.57 × 10−3 1.21 × 100/8.00 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2/8.80 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−1/9.56 × 10−3 1.08 × 10−1/9.40 × 10−2 1.00 × 10−1/9.19 × 10−2 1.14 × 10−5/7.51 × 10−7 1.30 × 10−5/8.27 × 10−7 
Cu 1 × 10−3 3.7 × 10−2 8 × 10−3  1.38 × 10−2/9.03 × 10−3 1.17 × 10−2/8.83 × 10−3 1.04 × 10−4/7.21 × 10−5 1.80 × 10−3/8.44 × 10−5 1.29 × 10−2/9.97 × 10−3 1.21 × 10−2/9.09 × 10−3   
Fe 1 × 10−3 0.3 0.14  5.53 × 10−2/8.57 × 10−4 1.29 × 10−1/5.56 × 10−3 2.66 × 10−3/9.16 × 10−5 1.75 × 10−3/7.53 × 10−5 5.80 × 10−2/8.98 × 10−4 1.31 × 10−1/5.63 × 10−3   
Mn 1 × 10−3 0.14 1.84 × 10−3  1.23 × 10−3/8.16 × 10−6 1.04 × 10−2/5.24 × 10−5 1.69 × 10−2/8.01 × 10−5 1.11 × 10−2/9.17 × 10−6 1.21 × 10−2/6.08 × 10−5 1.02 × 10−3/7.76 × 10−5   
Ni 2 × 10−4 2 × 10−2 5.4 × 10−3  1.00 × 10−3/1.43 × 10−4 1.07 × 10−2/3.33 × 10−4 1.66 × 10−5/2.37 × 10−6 1.09 × 10−5/1.56 × 10−6 1.02 × 10−3/1.45 × 10−4 1.07 × 10−2/3.35 × 10−4   
Pb 1 × 10−4 3.6 × 10−3  5.5 × 10−2 2.78 × 10−2/7.94 × 10−4 1.11 × 10−2/7.41 × 10−3     1.26 × 10−6/9.43 × 10−7 1.28 × 10−5/7.33 × 10−7 
U 1 × 10−3 3 × 10−3  0.4 1.30 × 10−2/9.14 × 10−3 1.22 × 10−1/9.91 × 10−2     1.15 × 10−4/9.26 × 10−6 1.02 × 10−4/6.67 × 10−6 
Zn 6 × 10−4 0.3 6 × 10−2  1.07 × 10−3/8.57 × 10−5 1.09 × 10−3/9.78 × 10−4 1.63 × 10−4/8.98 × 10−6 1.78 × 10−4/7.17 × 10−6 1.14 × 10−3/9.15 × 10−5 1.68 × 10−2/9.96 × 10−4   
NO3  1.6 0.8  6.52 × 10−2/1.55 × 10−2 1.01 × 10−1/9.67 × 10−2 1.01 × 10−3/7.93 × 10−4 1.10 × 10−3/8.81 × 10−4 1.62 × 10−2/6.81 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−1/9.83 × 10−2   
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