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Using data from disease-specific surveillance, during 2003–2009, an average of four deaths per year from infections with the free-living amebae Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp. were reported to CDC (Table 5). During 2003–2009, an average of 42 deaths per year from Vibrio infection were reported to COVIS; the majority of deaths were due to V. vulnificus.

Table 5

Average annual deaths from infections enumerated using two analytic approaches, United States, 2003–2009

Infection	Analytic approach 1^a		Analytic approach 2^b
Infection	Data source	Number of deaths	Data source	Number of deaths
Transmission by fecal–oral route
Campylobacter	NVSS^c	2	NIS, NVSS^d	12
Cryptosporidium	NVSS^c	9	NIS, NVSS^d	50
E. coli	NVSS^c	5	NIS, NVSS^d	35
Giardia	NVSS^c	2	NIS, NVSS^d	25
Hepatitis A	NVSS^c	103	NIS, NVSS^d	253
Salmonella	NVSS^c	53	NIS, NVSS^d	109
Shigella	NVSS^c	6	NIS, NVSS^d	9
Total, fecal–oral route		180		493
Transmission by other routes
Free-living amebae	Free-living Ameba Surveillance System	4	Free-living Ameba Surveillance System	4
Legionnaires' disease	NVSS^c	109	NIS, NVSS^d	250
NTM	NVSS^c	551	NIS, NVSS^d	1,216
Otitis externa	NVSS^c	14	NIS, NVSS^d	99
Pseudomonas
Pneumonia	NVSS^c	1,019	NIS, NVSS^e	1,618
Septicemia	NVSS, NIS^f	525	NIS, NVSS^g	3,217
Vibrio	COVIS	42	COVIS	42
Total, other routes		2,264		6,446
Total, all transmission modes		2,444		6,939

Infection	Analytic approach 1^a		Analytic approach 2^b
Infection	Data source	Number of deaths	Data source	Number of deaths
Transmission by fecal–oral route
Campylobacter	NVSS^c	2	NIS, NVSS^d	12
Cryptosporidium	NVSS^c	9	NIS, NVSS^d	50
E. coli	NVSS^c	5	NIS, NVSS^d	35
Giardia	NVSS^c	2	NIS, NVSS^d	25
Hepatitis A	NVSS^c	103	NIS, NVSS^d	253
Salmonella	NVSS^c	53	NIS, NVSS^d	109
Shigella	NVSS^c	6	NIS, NVSS^d	9
Total, fecal–oral route		180		493
Transmission by other routes
Free-living amebae	Free-living Ameba Surveillance System	4	Free-living Ameba Surveillance System	4
Legionnaires' disease	NVSS^c	109	NIS, NVSS^d	250
NTM	NVSS^c	551	NIS, NVSS^d	1,216
Otitis externa	NVSS^c	14	NIS, NVSS^d	99
Pseudomonas
Pneumonia	NVSS^c	1,019	NIS, NVSS^e	1,618
Septicemia	NVSS, NIS^f	525	NIS, NVSS^g	3,217
Vibrio	COVIS	42	COVIS	42
Total, other routes		2,264		6,446
Total, all transmission modes		2,444		6,939

NVSS, National Vital Statistics System; NIS, Nationwide Inpatient Sample; COVIS, Cholera and Other Vibrio Surveillance.

^aIn analytic approach 1, for most pathogens, the average number of deaths with the pathogen or syndrome listed anywhere on the death certificate was used as the primary data source; see Methods section text for details.

^bIn analytic approach 2, for most pathogens, we used data from the NIS for in-hospital deaths, but used the death certificates to capture out-of-hospital deaths; see Methods section text for details.

^cListed in any position as a cause of death on death certificate.

^dUses NIS any diagnosis for in-hospital deaths and NVSS any cause data for out-of-hospital deaths.

^eUses NIS principal diagnosis for in-hospital deaths and NVSS any cause data for out-of-hospital deaths.

^fTwo data sources were combined to estimate total. NVSS captures number of deaths with a diagnosis of sepsis from other gram-negative bacteria. The proportion of these attributable to Pseudomonas specifically was estimated as the proportion of deaths due to Pseudomonas from all deaths involving sepsis from other gram-negative bacteria in NIS (15.4%).

^gUses NIS principal diagnosis for in-hospital deaths, and 15.4% of out-of-hospital deaths for septicemia with other gram-negative bacteria from NVSS.

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