The total viable count and HPC of spray water from warm-water bidet toilet seats and control tap water are shown in Table 2. The total viable count and HPC were both significantly higher in spray water than in tap water, and the difference was particularly apparent for HPC, with an increase of around 2–3 log10 (P < 0.01). Detection rates were also higher in spray water than in tap water (P < 0.01). Significant differences in total viable count were not observed between male and female restrooms (Table 2) or between the research and outpatient buildings (data not shown).