Two hundred household surveys were conducted in each study neighborhood. Reported household characteristics for each neighborhood are presented in Table 3. Households without a toilet in the compound must rely on public toilets. Old Fadama had the lowest level of sanitation infrastructure. Almost no one had access to improved sanitation facilities in her or his compound, and many reported not having a drain near the household. While many residents of Bukom also lacked access to sanitation facilities, this community had the highest proportion of households reporting access to drains. In both Alajo and Shiabu, about 50% of households had access to a toilet in the compound, and around 40% reported having a drain near the household. Defecation in drains was least common in Shiabu where respondents reported that both children and adults were never seen defecating in a household drain. Reported drain defecation was most common in Old Fadama; 22% and 15% of respondents reported seeing children and adults defecating every day in a drain near their household, respectively. Similar rates of observed child and adult defecation into drains were reported in Bukom.
Surveyed household characteristics by neighborhood
| . | Alajo . | Bukom . | Old Fadama . | Shiabu . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 |
| Median HH size (Range) | 5 (1–35) | 5 (1–50) | 3 (1–20) | 4 (1–10) |
| No formal education (%) | 13 | 14 | 44 | 9 |
| Sanitation | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 |
| No drain near HH (%) | 42 | 34 | 83 | 42 |
| Type of toilet in compounda (%) | ||||
| None | 42 | 93 | 98 | 54 |
| Improved | 55 | 6 | 2 | 42 |
| Unimproved | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| No response | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Defecation in drain near HH | n = 116 | n = 132 | n = 27 | n = 115 |
| Children observed (%) | ||||
| Everyday | 4 | 15 | 22 | 0 |
| Sometimes | 3 | 14 | 4 | 9 |
| Never | 92 | 71 | 74 | 91 |
| Adults observed (%) | ||||
| Everyday | 3 | 12 | 15 | 0 |
| Sometimes | 8 | 9 | 4 | 6 |
| Never | 90 | 79 | 82 | 94 |
| . | Alajo . | Bukom . | Old Fadama . | Shiabu . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 |
| Median HH size (Range) | 5 (1–35) | 5 (1–50) | 3 (1–20) | 4 (1–10) |
| No formal education (%) | 13 | 14 | 44 | 9 |
| Sanitation | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 | n = 200 |
| No drain near HH (%) | 42 | 34 | 83 | 42 |
| Type of toilet in compounda (%) | ||||
| None | 42 | 93 | 98 | 54 |
| Improved | 55 | 6 | 2 | 42 |
| Unimproved | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| No response | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Defecation in drain near HH | n = 116 | n = 132 | n = 27 | n = 115 |
| Children observed (%) | ||||
| Everyday | 4 | 15 | 22 | 0 |
| Sometimes | 3 | 14 | 4 | 9 |
| Never | 92 | 71 | 74 | 91 |
| Adults observed (%) | ||||
| Everyday | 3 | 12 | 15 | 0 |
| Sometimes | 8 | 9 | 4 | 6 |
| Never | 90 | 79 | 82 | 94 |
HH denotes household.
aThe WHO and UNICEF define improved sanitation as: flush toilet, piped sewer system, septic tank, flush/pour flush to pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet.