Associations between poor source water quality (as measured by positive Escherichia coli) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, adjusting for possible confounders – Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 2010
| Disease outcome . | Univariable analysis (unadjusted) . | Odds ratio (OR) . | 95% confidence interval (CI) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STHa | – | 5.14 | [1.08, 24.47] | 0.04 |
| Disease outcome | Multivariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted by one variable at a time) | Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) | 95% CI | P value |
| STH | Household possessions factor >0b | 2.07 | [0.48, 8.92] | 0.33 |
| Finished floorsc | 2.21 | [0.44, 11.06] | 0.33 | |
| Crowed homed | 3.55 | [0.68, 18.39] | 0.13 | |
| Improved water sourcee | 3.76 | [0.74, 19.18] | 0.11 | |
| Animal ownership factor >0f | 4.10 | [0.83, 20.33] | 0.08 | |
| Within 10% of the unadjusted OR | ≥15 years old | 4.67 | [0.99, 22.10] | 0.05 |
| Treat waterg | 5.21 | [1.08, 25.02] | 0.04 | |
| Live in lower population density areah | 5.48 | [1.15, 26.21] | 0.03 | |
| Chlorine residual-positive water | 5.53 | [1.01, 30.20] | 0.04 | |
| Store water at home | 5.72 | 1.22, 26.76 | 0.03 |
| Disease outcome . | Univariable analysis (unadjusted) . | Odds ratio (OR) . | 95% confidence interval (CI) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STHa | – | 5.14 | [1.08, 24.47] | 0.04 |
| Disease outcome | Multivariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted by one variable at a time) | Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) | 95% CI | P value |
| STH | Household possessions factor >0b | 2.07 | [0.48, 8.92] | 0.33 |
| Finished floorsc | 2.21 | [0.44, 11.06] | 0.33 | |
| Crowed homed | 3.55 | [0.68, 18.39] | 0.13 | |
| Improved water sourcee | 3.76 | [0.74, 19.18] | 0.11 | |
| Animal ownership factor >0f | 4.10 | [0.83, 20.33] | 0.08 | |
| Within 10% of the unadjusted OR | ≥15 years old | 4.67 | [0.99, 22.10] | 0.05 |
| Treat waterg | 5.21 | [1.08, 25.02] | 0.04 | |
| Live in lower population density areah | 5.48 | [1.15, 26.21] | 0.03 | |
| Chlorine residual-positive water | 5.53 | [1.01, 30.20] | 0.04 | |
| Store water at home | 5.72 | 1.22, 26.76 | 0.03 |
aSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) diagnosed in a single stool specimen, which was processed using the Mini Parasep® FPC method, examined microscopically, and found to be positive for Ascaris lumbricoides and/or Trichuris trichiura. These two parasites are transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
bThe household possessions factor represented household possessions, mother's education, and household wall construction.
cFinished floors include wood, vinyl, ceramic tiles, cement, carpet, and brick verses earthen (sand, dung, straw, or saw dust).
dCrowded homes defined as >2.5 people per bedroom, the median of people per bedroom in the dataset.
eImproved water sources included taps, boreholes, protected wells, rainwater, and commercially bottled water.
fThe animal ownership factor represented a household's livestock ownership.
gWater treatment was self-reported as anything done to the water after collection to make drinking water safer for consumption, including boiling, adding bleach/chlorine, adding iodine, straining water through a cloth, using a water filter (ceramic, sand, composite), using solar disinfection, letting water stand/settle, or adding a flocculant.
hLower population density defined as population density <1,000 people/km2.