Overview of operating conditions and membrane performance in immersed anaerobic MBRs treating municipal wastewater (real and synthetic)
| Source . | Reactor type/Sludge . | Reactor size . | Material/ Geo./ Pore size . | MLSS . | SGD . | Jc . | . | Flux . | TMP . | Fouling rate . | Top . | Reference . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RE. . | FI. . | |||||||||||||
| l . | μm . | g L−1 . | m3 m−2 h−1 . | L m−2 h−1 . | Jc,20 . | L m−2 h−1 . | mbar . | mbar min−1 . | kPa h−1 . | h . | ||||
| Crua | UASB/F | 17.7d | PE/HF/0.03 | 16–21.5 | 0 | – | – | 5,10 | <700 | 0.033,0.058 | 0.200,0.350 | 336,144 | Wen et al. (1999) | |
| Crub | CSTR/F | 1,300 | 800 | PVDF/HF/0.05 | 10–30 | 0.23 | – | – | 9–13.3 | – | – | – | 14,400 | Robles et al. (2013b) |
| Crub | CSTR/F | – | 50 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 21.3 | 1.3 | 10–12 | 10.3–12.3 | 10 | <140 | 0.002–0.075 | 0.012–0.45 | 60 | Ruigómez et al. (2016b) |
| Crub | CSTR/F | – | 50 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 21.3 | 0 | 12–14 | 12.3–14.4 | 10 | <140 | 0.001–0.027 | 0.007–0.16 | >200 | Ruigómez et al. (2016b) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 550 | 80 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 12.8f | 0.146 | – | – | 17 | <215 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 2,160 | Dong et al. (2015) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 550 | 80 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 5.6f | 0.146 | – | – | 17 | <88 | 0.001j | 0.004j | 2,160 | Dong et al. (2015) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 550 | 80 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 11.3–23 | 0.146 | 21–27 | 20–25 | 17 | <250 | 0–0.004 | 0.001–0.025 | 4,272 | Dong et al. (2016b) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 60d | PVDF/FS/140f | 6.4–9.3 | 0.12 | – | – | 12 | – | – | – | – | Lin et al. (2011) | |
| Cruc | IAFMBR | 7.6d | –/HF/0.4 | – | 0 | – | – | 11.3 | <300 | 0.014 | 0.086 | 348 | Gao et al. (2014b) | |
| Cruc | IAFMBR | 7.6d | –/HF/0.4 | – | 0 | – | – | 11.3 | <300 | 0.009k | 0.052k | 576 | Gao et al. (2014b) | |
| Cru (GA) | CSTR/F | 350 | – | PES/FS/0.038 | 15 | – | 7 | 7 | 7 | <280 | <0.002 | 0.001–0.011 | 2,352 | Martinez-Sosa et al. (2011) |
| Black | UASB/F | 5 | – | PVDF/Tub/250e | – | – | – | – | 10g | – | – | – | – | van Voorthuizen (2008) |
| Black | CSTR/F | 4d | PVDF/Tub/250e | – | – | – | – | 8g | – | – | – | – | van Voorthuizen (2008) | |
| Set | UASB/F | 160 | 150 | PVDF/HF/0.045 | 0.5,5–7f | 0.2, 0.4–1.0 | – | – | 2.5,10–15 | 50, <550 | – | – | 4,320 | Gouveia et al. (2015a) |
| Set | UASB/G | 326 | 175 | PVDF/HF/0.045 | 2, 12–14f | 0.07–0.13 | – | – | 12, 15.7 | – | 0.001–0.013 | 0.004–0.079 | – | Gouveia et al. (2015b) |
| Set | UASB/G | 94 | 31 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 0.1–0.6 | 1.2 | 4.3–13.4 | 4.6–14.2 | 6g | <100 | 0.001 | 0.004–0.013 | >300 | Martin Garcia et al. (2013) |
| Set | CSTR/F | 900 | 300 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 7.7 | 0.4 | 1.9–9.7 | 2.0–10.3 | 6g | <700 | 0.033 | 0.198 | <200 | Martin Garcia et al. (2013) |
| Set | CSTR/G | 40d | –/HF/0.1 | 6.5–6.8 | – | – | 40 | – | – | 0.004–0.007 | 0.025–0.042 | – | Fawehinmi (2006) | |
| Set | CSTR/F | 5 | 1 | PES/PF/0.45 | 8.0–13.6 | – | – | – | – | <300 | 0.005–0.014 | 0.031–0.083 | 360–960 | Huang et al. (2013) |
| Set | SAF–MBR/F | 0.245 | 0.245 | PVDF/HF/0.1 | – | 0 | – | – | 9 | <400 | <0.001–0.035 | 0.002–0.213 | 9,500 | Yoo et al. (2014) |
| Set | SAF–MBR/F | 990 | 770 | PVDF/HF/0.03 | 0.6–1.2f | 0 | – | – | 4.1–7.5g | <500 | – | – | 11,640 | Shin et al. (2014) |
| Syn | UASB | – | PVDF/FS/0.22 | – | 1.8 | – | – | 25 | <300 | 0.055–0.530l | 0.330–3.180l | – | Wu et al. (2009) | |
| Syn | UASB/G | 4.7d | PE/0.1 | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 480 | Chu et al. (2005) | |
| Syn | UASB/F | 30d | PVDF/FS/0.22 | 0.14 | 0–1.2 | – | – | 25 | <300 | 0.417–1.250 | 2.5–7.5 | 4–12 | An et al. (2010) | |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 5 | 1 | PES/PF/0.45 | 5.6–10.5 | – | – | – | 5.3–7.9 | <300 | <0.006 | 0.002–0.036 | 840–2,400 | Huang et al. (2011) |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 3d | PE/FS/0.4 | 4.3–4.8 | 3 | – | – | 20 | <270 | 0.003–0.005k | 0.018–0.031k | 384 | Hu & Stuckey (2007) | |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 3d | PE/FS/0.4 | 6–19,12–16 | 3 | – | – | 10 | 120–230 | – | – | 360 | Akram & Stuckey (2008) | |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 7d | PES/FS/0.2 | – | 7.24 | – | – | 7 | – | <0.001m | <0.001m | 720 | Smith et al. (2013) | |
| Syn | AFBR+ AFMBR | 0.245 | 0.245 | PVDF/HF/0.1 | 0.09–0.13f | 0 | – | – | 9 | <100 | – | – | 2,400 | Bae et al. (2014) |
| Syn | ABR+ AFMBR/F | 3.93 | 2.0 | PVDF/HF/0.1 | – | 0 | – | – | 7 | <30h, < 320i | 0.444i | 2.667i | – | Kim et al. (2011) |
| Syn | ARMBR | 4d | PE/FS/0.22 | 5.5 | 0 | – | – | 11 | <50 | – | – | 2,400 | Kim et al. (2014) | |
| Source . | Reactor type/Sludge . | Reactor size . | Material/ Geo./ Pore size . | MLSS . | SGD . | Jc . | . | Flux . | TMP . | Fouling rate . | Top . | Reference . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RE. . | FI. . | |||||||||||||
| l . | μm . | g L−1 . | m3 m−2 h−1 . | L m−2 h−1 . | Jc,20 . | L m−2 h−1 . | mbar . | mbar min−1 . | kPa h−1 . | h . | ||||
| Crua | UASB/F | 17.7d | PE/HF/0.03 | 16–21.5 | 0 | – | – | 5,10 | <700 | 0.033,0.058 | 0.200,0.350 | 336,144 | Wen et al. (1999) | |
| Crub | CSTR/F | 1,300 | 800 | PVDF/HF/0.05 | 10–30 | 0.23 | – | – | 9–13.3 | – | – | – | 14,400 | Robles et al. (2013b) |
| Crub | CSTR/F | – | 50 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 21.3 | 1.3 | 10–12 | 10.3–12.3 | 10 | <140 | 0.002–0.075 | 0.012–0.45 | 60 | Ruigómez et al. (2016b) |
| Crub | CSTR/F | – | 50 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 21.3 | 0 | 12–14 | 12.3–14.4 | 10 | <140 | 0.001–0.027 | 0.007–0.16 | >200 | Ruigómez et al. (2016b) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 550 | 80 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 12.8f | 0.146 | – | – | 17 | <215 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 2,160 | Dong et al. (2015) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 550 | 80 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 5.6f | 0.146 | – | – | 17 | <88 | 0.001j | 0.004j | 2,160 | Dong et al. (2015) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 550 | 80 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 11.3–23 | 0.146 | 21–27 | 20–25 | 17 | <250 | 0–0.004 | 0.001–0.025 | 4,272 | Dong et al. (2016b) |
| Crua | CSTR/F | 60d | PVDF/FS/140f | 6.4–9.3 | 0.12 | – | – | 12 | – | – | – | – | Lin et al. (2011) | |
| Cruc | IAFMBR | 7.6d | –/HF/0.4 | – | 0 | – | – | 11.3 | <300 | 0.014 | 0.086 | 348 | Gao et al. (2014b) | |
| Cruc | IAFMBR | 7.6d | –/HF/0.4 | – | 0 | – | – | 11.3 | <300 | 0.009k | 0.052k | 576 | Gao et al. (2014b) | |
| Cru (GA) | CSTR/F | 350 | – | PES/FS/0.038 | 15 | – | 7 | 7 | 7 | <280 | <0.002 | 0.001–0.011 | 2,352 | Martinez-Sosa et al. (2011) |
| Black | UASB/F | 5 | – | PVDF/Tub/250e | – | – | – | – | 10g | – | – | – | – | van Voorthuizen (2008) |
| Black | CSTR/F | 4d | PVDF/Tub/250e | – | – | – | – | 8g | – | – | – | – | van Voorthuizen (2008) | |
| Set | UASB/F | 160 | 150 | PVDF/HF/0.045 | 0.5,5–7f | 0.2, 0.4–1.0 | – | – | 2.5,10–15 | 50, <550 | – | – | 4,320 | Gouveia et al. (2015a) |
| Set | UASB/G | 326 | 175 | PVDF/HF/0.045 | 2, 12–14f | 0.07–0.13 | – | – | 12, 15.7 | – | 0.001–0.013 | 0.004–0.079 | – | Gouveia et al. (2015b) |
| Set | UASB/G | 94 | 31 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 0.1–0.6 | 1.2 | 4.3–13.4 | 4.6–14.2 | 6g | <100 | 0.001 | 0.004–0.013 | >300 | Martin Garcia et al. (2013) |
| Set | CSTR/F | 900 | 300 | PVDF/HF/0.04 | 7.7 | 0.4 | 1.9–9.7 | 2.0–10.3 | 6g | <700 | 0.033 | 0.198 | <200 | Martin Garcia et al. (2013) |
| Set | CSTR/G | 40d | –/HF/0.1 | 6.5–6.8 | – | – | 40 | – | – | 0.004–0.007 | 0.025–0.042 | – | Fawehinmi (2006) | |
| Set | CSTR/F | 5 | 1 | PES/PF/0.45 | 8.0–13.6 | – | – | – | – | <300 | 0.005–0.014 | 0.031–0.083 | 360–960 | Huang et al. (2013) |
| Set | SAF–MBR/F | 0.245 | 0.245 | PVDF/HF/0.1 | – | 0 | – | – | 9 | <400 | <0.001–0.035 | 0.002–0.213 | 9,500 | Yoo et al. (2014) |
| Set | SAF–MBR/F | 990 | 770 | PVDF/HF/0.03 | 0.6–1.2f | 0 | – | – | 4.1–7.5g | <500 | – | – | 11,640 | Shin et al. (2014) |
| Syn | UASB | – | PVDF/FS/0.22 | – | 1.8 | – | – | 25 | <300 | 0.055–0.530l | 0.330–3.180l | – | Wu et al. (2009) | |
| Syn | UASB/G | 4.7d | PE/0.1 | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 480 | Chu et al. (2005) | |
| Syn | UASB/F | 30d | PVDF/FS/0.22 | 0.14 | 0–1.2 | – | – | 25 | <300 | 0.417–1.250 | 2.5–7.5 | 4–12 | An et al. (2010) | |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 5 | 1 | PES/PF/0.45 | 5.6–10.5 | – | – | – | 5.3–7.9 | <300 | <0.006 | 0.002–0.036 | 840–2,400 | Huang et al. (2011) |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 3d | PE/FS/0.4 | 4.3–4.8 | 3 | – | – | 20 | <270 | 0.003–0.005k | 0.018–0.031k | 384 | Hu & Stuckey (2007) | |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 3d | PE/FS/0.4 | 6–19,12–16 | 3 | – | – | 10 | 120–230 | – | – | 360 | Akram & Stuckey (2008) | |
| Syn | CSTR/F | 7d | PES/FS/0.2 | – | 7.24 | – | – | 7 | – | <0.001m | <0.001m | 720 | Smith et al. (2013) | |
| Syn | AFBR+ AFMBR | 0.245 | 0.245 | PVDF/HF/0.1 | 0.09–0.13f | 0 | – | – | 9 | <100 | – | – | 2,400 | Bae et al. (2014) |
| Syn | ABR+ AFMBR/F | 3.93 | 2.0 | PVDF/HF/0.1 | – | 0 | – | – | 7 | <30h, < 320i | 0.444i | 2.667i | – | Kim et al. (2011) |
| Syn | ARMBR | 4d | PE/FS/0.22 | 5.5 | 0 | – | – | 11 | <50 | – | – | 2,400 | Kim et al. (2014) | |
Acronyms: ABR + AFMBR: anaerobic baffle reactor + anaerobic fluidised bed membrane bioreactor; AFBR: anaerobic fluidised bed reactor; ARMBR: anaerobic rotate disk MBR; BW: backwash; Cru: Crude; CSTR:continuous stirred tank reactor; F: flocculent sludge; FI: filtration; FS: flat sheet; G: granular sludge; GA: glucose addition; HF: hollow fibre; IAFMBR: integrated anaerobic fluidised–bed; MWCO: molecular weight cut off; PE: Polyethylene; PES: polyethersulfone; PF: plate and frame; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; RE: anaerobic reactor; SAF–MBR: staged anaerobic fluidised MBR; Set: Settled; SGDm: specific gas demand; Syn: Synthetic; Top: time of performance; Tub: tubular; UASB: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket.
aCrude: after screening.
bCrude: pre–treatment including screening, degritter and grease removal.
cCrude: from septic tank.
dMembrane submerged in the anaerobic reactor.
eMWCO (kDa).
freported MLVSS.
gNet flux.
hWith GAC.
iWithout GAC.
jWith FeCl3 addition.
kWith GAC (granular activated carbon) or PAC (powered activated carbon) addition.
lWith addition of PAC (powered activated carbon)/zeolite/polyamide/polyaluminum chloride.
mBackwash 4 min every 4 h.