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Table 3

Mann–Kendall test results for precipitation trend

Dataset	Spring		Summer		Autumn		Winter		Annual
Dataset	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β
1961–2001
Observation	−1.00	−1.38	1.13	2.78	−0.51	−0.74	0.30	0.14	−0.08	−0.39
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	1.49	0.42	−0.48	−0.48	−0.30	−0.19	−0.93	−0.38	−0.12	−0.27
ERA-20 cm (En0)	1.49	1.66	0.10	0.31	0.19	0.16	−0.35	−0.24	0.28	0.91
ERA-20c	−0.33	−0.43	0.19	0.45	1.20	1.06	0.62	0.26	0.39	1.43
ERA-40	−0.21	−0.16	2.01^a	3.44	1.43	1.02	0.39	0.16	1.47	3.95
20CR	−1.99^a	−2.83	0.15	0.21	−0.46	−0.27	−0.86	−0.75	−1.83^b	−5.11
CRUv3.23	−1.00	−1.43	1.20	2.36	−0.55	−0.78	−0.01	−0.02	−0.10	−0.42
GPCCv7	−1.02	−1.40	0.86	1.40	−0.12	−0.33	−0.06	−0.05	0.00	0.11
1901–2010
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	2.58^a	0.20	0.52	0.11	1.19	0.12	1.82^b	0.15	2.14^a	0.60
ERA-20 cm (En0)	0.11	0.02	0.80	0.38	−0.60	−0.13	0.24	0.04	0.30	0.18
ERA-20c	4.95^a	1.21	3.97^a	2.04	4.53^a	1.01	5.97^a	0.55	6.09^a	5.00
20CR	−0.11	−0.02	−2.19^a	−0.76	−2.32^a	−0.48	1.84^b	0.25	−1.76^b	−1.13
CRUv3.23	0.80	0.19	3.00^a	1.70	1.51	0.46	−0.68	−0.07	2.72^a	2.13
GPCCv7	0.54	0.11	3.42^a	1.79	1.51	0.46	−1.35	−0.16	2.86^a	2.14

Dataset	Spring		Summer		Autumn		Winter		Annual
Dataset	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β
1961–2001
Observation	−1.00	−1.38	1.13	2.78	−0.51	−0.74	0.30	0.14	−0.08	−0.39
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	1.49	0.42	−0.48	−0.48	−0.30	−0.19	−0.93	−0.38	−0.12	−0.27
ERA-20 cm (En0)	1.49	1.66	0.10	0.31	0.19	0.16	−0.35	−0.24	0.28	0.91
ERA-20c	−0.33	−0.43	0.19	0.45	1.20	1.06	0.62	0.26	0.39	1.43
ERA-40	−0.21	−0.16	2.01^a	3.44	1.43	1.02	0.39	0.16	1.47	3.95
20CR	−1.99^a	−2.83	0.15	0.21	−0.46	−0.27	−0.86	−0.75	−1.83^b	−5.11
CRUv3.23	−1.00	−1.43	1.20	2.36	−0.55	−0.78	−0.01	−0.02	−0.10	−0.42
GPCCv7	−1.02	−1.40	0.86	1.40	−0.12	−0.33	−0.06	−0.05	0.00	0.11
1901–2010
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	2.58^a	0.20	0.52	0.11	1.19	0.12	1.82^b	0.15	2.14^a	0.60
ERA-20 cm (En0)	0.11	0.02	0.80	0.38	−0.60	−0.13	0.24	0.04	0.30	0.18
ERA-20c	4.95^a	1.21	3.97^a	2.04	4.53^a	1.01	5.97^a	0.55	6.09^a	5.00
20CR	−0.11	−0.02	−2.19^a	−0.76	−2.32^a	−0.48	1.84^b	0.25	−1.76^b	−1.13
CRUv3.23	0.80	0.19	3.00^a	1.70	1.51	0.46	−0.68	−0.07	2.72^a	2.13
GPCCv7	0.54	0.11	3.42^a	1.79	1.51	0.46	−1.35	−0.16	2.86^a	2.14

^aSignificant trend at the 0.05 significance level.

^Bsignificant trend at the 0.10 significance level. (trends for precipitation) are in ⁠.