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Table 5

Mann–Kendall test results for temperature trend

Dataset	Spring		Summer		Autumn		Winter		Annual
Dataset	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β
1961–2001
Observation	2.62^a	2.53	0.57	0.64	0.84	0.70	2.30^a	3.65	3.66^a	2.09
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	2.62^a	1.17	2.12^a	1.31	0.78	0.59	0.75	0.33	1.81^b	0.86
ERA-20 cm (En0)	1.85^b	1.21	0.69	0.48	−0.01	−0.03	0.55	0.44	0.86	0.42
ERA-20c	1.67^b	1.40	0.46	0.33	1.92^b	1.30	2.62^a	2.38	2.71^a	1.80
ERA-40	2.55^a	2.22	−0.08	−0.12	0.46	0.52	2.26^a	2.41	1.81^b	1.47
20CR	2.82^a	2.20	1.54	1.86	2.41^a	2.18	1.38	1.99	2.77^a	2.34
CRUv3.23	3.36^a	3.07	1.61	1.38	2.62^a	2.16	2.86^a	3.53	3.31^a	2.91
1901–2010
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	8.69^a	1.02	7.60^a	0.91	6.61^a	0.81	6.61^a	0.79	9.38^a	0.95
ERA-20 cm (En0)	4.90^a	1.02	4.02^a	0.60	4.17^a	0.80	3.19^a	0.61	6.33^a	0.80
ERA-20c	3.25^a	0.66	2.94^a	0.49	4.06^a	0.86	6.15^a	1.55	7.02^a	1.04
20CR	6.73^a	1.71	5.14^a	1.35	6.11^a	1.43	6.36^a	2.09	8.15^a	1.80
CRUv3.23	7.93^a	1.99	3.77^a	0.85	5.96^a	1.51	5.15^a	1.62	7.85^a	1.61

Dataset	Spring		Summer		Autumn		Winter		Annual
Dataset	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β	Z	β
1961–2001
Observation	2.62^a	2.53	0.57	0.64	0.84	0.70	2.30^a	3.65	3.66^a	2.09
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	2.62^a	1.17	2.12^a	1.31	0.78	0.59	0.75	0.33	1.81^b	0.86
ERA-20 cm (En0)	1.85^b	1.21	0.69	0.48	−0.01	−0.03	0.55	0.44	0.86	0.42
ERA-20c	1.67^b	1.40	0.46	0.33	1.92^b	1.30	2.62^a	2.38	2.71^a	1.80
ERA-40	2.55^a	2.22	−0.08	−0.12	0.46	0.52	2.26^a	2.41	1.81^b	1.47
20CR	2.82^a	2.20	1.54	1.86	2.41^a	2.18	1.38	1.99	2.77^a	2.34
CRUv3.23	3.36^a	3.07	1.61	1.38	2.62^a	2.16	2.86^a	3.53	3.31^a	2.91
1901–2010
ERA-20 cm (Mean)	8.69^a	1.02	7.60^a	0.91	6.61^a	0.81	6.61^a	0.79	9.38^a	0.95
ERA-20 cm (En0)	4.90^a	1.02	4.02^a	0.60	4.17^a	0.80	3.19^a	0.61	6.33^a	0.80
ERA-20c	3.25^a	0.66	2.94^a	0.49	4.06^a	0.86	6.15^a	1.55	7.02^a	1.04
20CR	6.73^a	1.71	5.14^a	1.35	6.11^a	1.43	6.36^a	2.09	8.15^a	1.80
CRUv3.23	7.93^a	1.99	3.77^a	0.85	5.96^a	1.51	5.15^a	1.62	7.85^a	1.61

^aSignificant trend at the 0.05 significance level.

^bSignificant trend at the 0.10 significance level. (trends for temperature) are in 10^–2 C/yr.