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Table 2

Baseline: average heavy metal removal by fresh wood filters

Fresh wood filters average metal removals (sampling done on 16th and 21st August 2018)
Raw waterWFS1
WFS3
WFS4
WFS5
MetalUnitLoDInfluent conc.Effluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removal
Al μg/L 1.67 244.6 13.9 93.6 1.7 99.3 23.9 90.5 28.7 86.8 
Cr μg/L 0.18 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Cu μg/L 1.69 15.0 25.8 ** 53.1 ** 22.9 ** 28.1 ** 
Fe μg/L 0.97 699.0 57.1 90.1 62.0 89.6 123.8 81.8 106.8 83.5 
Mn μg/L 0.29 24.0 39.4 ** 33.5 ** 21.8 9.2 67.0 ** 
Ni μg/L 0.05 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Pb μg/L 0.01 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Zn μg/L 0.16 <LoD 24.6 ** 19.7 ** <LoD ** 25.5 ** 
Fresh wood filters average metal removals (sampling done on 16th and 21st August 2018)
Raw waterWFS1
WFS3
WFS4
WFS5
MetalUnitLoDInfluent conc.Effluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removal
Al μg/L 1.67 244.6 13.9 93.6 1.7 99.3 23.9 90.5 28.7 86.8 
Cr μg/L 0.18 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Cu μg/L 1.69 15.0 25.8 ** 53.1 ** 22.9 ** 28.1 ** 
Fe μg/L 0.97 699.0 57.1 90.1 62.0 89.6 123.8 81.8 106.8 83.5 
Mn μg/L 0.29 24.0 39.4 ** 33.5 ** 21.8 9.2 67.0 ** 
Ni μg/L 0.05 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Pb μg/L 0.01 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Zn μg/L 0.16 <LoD 24.6 ** 19.7 ** <LoD ** 25.5 ** 

LoD = limit of detection; ** = increase in concentration over influent level.

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