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Table 3

Baseline heavy metal removal by wet and dry preserved wood filters

Wet preserved wood filters (sampling done on 28th August 2018)
Raw waterWFS1
WFS2
WFS3
WFS4
Metal(a) UnitLoDInfluent conc.Effluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removal
Al μg/L 1.67 1,275.0 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 977.9 23.3 
Cr μg/L 0.18 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Cu μg/L 1.69 <LoD <LoD <LoD 11.4 ** 11.2 ** 13.8 ** 
Fe μg/L 0.97 619.0 <LoD 99.8 13.6 97.8 15.2 97.5 445.0 28.1 
Mn μg/L 0.29 <LoD 38.4 ** 22.1 ** <LoD <LoD 18.1 ** 
Ni μg/L 0.05 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Pb μg/L 0.01 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Zn μg/L 0.16 <LoD 12.8 ** 35.1 ** 2,512.0 ** 846.1 ** 
   Dry preserved wood filters (sampling done on 29th August 2018)     
   Raw water WFS1 WFS2 WFS3 WFS4 
Metal (b) Unit LoD Influent conc. Effluent conc. % removal Effluent conc. % removal Effluent conc. % removal Effluent conc. % removal 
Al μg/L 1.67 1,252.0 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 
Cr μg/L 0.18 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Cu μg/L 1.69 <LoD 33.9 ** 21.8 ** 18.0 ** 21.5 ** 
Fe μg/L 0.97 1,251.0 111.2 91.1 141.8 88.7 111.2 91.1 101.4 91.9 
Mn μg/L 0.29 <LoD 21.1 ** 12.6 ** 14.0 ** 75.2 ** 
Ni μg/L 0.05 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Pb μg/L 0.01 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Zn μg/L 0.16 6.0 1,392.0 ** 82.4 ** 1,021.0 ** 27.5 ** 
Wet preserved wood filters (sampling done on 28th August 2018)
Raw waterWFS1
WFS2
WFS3
WFS4
Metal(a) UnitLoDInfluent conc.Effluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removalEffluent conc.% removal
Al μg/L 1.67 1,275.0 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 977.9 23.3 
Cr μg/L 0.18 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Cu μg/L 1.69 <LoD <LoD <LoD 11.4 ** 11.2 ** 13.8 ** 
Fe μg/L 0.97 619.0 <LoD 99.8 13.6 97.8 15.2 97.5 445.0 28.1 
Mn μg/L 0.29 <LoD 38.4 ** 22.1 ** <LoD <LoD 18.1 ** 
Ni μg/L 0.05 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Pb μg/L 0.01 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Zn μg/L 0.16 <LoD 12.8 ** 35.1 ** 2,512.0 ** 846.1 ** 
   Dry preserved wood filters (sampling done on 29th August 2018)     
   Raw water WFS1 WFS2 WFS3 WFS4 
Metal (b) Unit LoD Influent conc. Effluent conc. % removal Effluent conc. % removal Effluent conc. % removal Effluent conc. % removal 
Al μg/L 1.67 1,252.0 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 <LoD 99.9 
Cr μg/L 0.18 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Cu μg/L 1.69 <LoD 33.9 ** 21.8 ** 18.0 ** 21.5 ** 
Fe μg/L 0.97 1,251.0 111.2 91.1 141.8 88.7 111.2 91.1 101.4 91.9 
Mn μg/L 0.29 <LoD 21.1 ** 12.6 ** 14.0 ** 75.2 ** 
Ni μg/L 0.05 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Pb μg/L 0.01 <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD <LoD 
Zn μg/L 0.16 6.0 1,392.0 ** 82.4 ** 1,021.0 ** 27.5 ** 

LoD = limit of detection; **= increase in concentration over influent level.

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