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Table 4

Effect of GAC on heavy metal removal by the filter systems

Metal	Unit	LoD	Raw water	WFS1 with GAC		WFS1 without GAC		WFS4 with GAC		WFS4 without GAC
Metal	Unit	LoD	Influent conc.	Effluent conc.	% removal	Effluent conc.	% removal	Effluent conc.	% removal	Effluent conc.	% removal
As	μg/L	0.05	0.52	0.19	64.09	0.49	6.85	0.18	65.05	0.46	11.11
Al	μg/L	1.67	46.87	4.50	90.40	1.80	96.16	3.56	92.40	1.81	96.15
Cd	μg/L	0.002	0.012	0.007	45.77	0.036	**	0.003	73.65	0.089	**
Cr	μg/L	0.18	0.27	<LoD	62.80	0.21	21.85	<LoD	62.80	0.18	31.35
Cu	μg/L	1.69	10.44	1.82	82.57	5.49	47.39	0.60	94.26	9.91	5.15
Fe	μg/L	0.97	331.80	0.68	99.80	4.26	98.72	2.00	99.40	18.43	94.45
Pb	μg/L	0.01	0.25	<LoD	96.39	0.05	79.90	0.02	93.83	0.07	71.94
Hg	μg/L	0.02	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD
Mn	μg/L	0.29	0.69	108.18	**	31.53	**	147.89	**	95.18	**
Ni	μg/L	0.05	0.80	0.05	93.21	4.39	**	0.09	88.62	11.36	**
Zn	μg/L	0.16	2.52	0.31	87.64	3.36	**	<LoD	93.65	534.66	**

Metal	Unit	LoD	Raw water	WFS1 with GAC		WFS1 without GAC		WFS4 with GAC		WFS4 without GAC
Metal	Unit	LoD	Influent conc.	Effluent conc.	% removal	Effluent conc.	% removal	Effluent conc.	% removal	Effluent conc.	% removal
As	μg/L	0.05	0.52	0.19	64.09	0.49	6.85	0.18	65.05	0.46	11.11
Al	μg/L	1.67	46.87	4.50	90.40	1.80	96.16	3.56	92.40	1.81	96.15
Cd	μg/L	0.002	0.012	0.007	45.77	0.036	**	0.003	73.65	0.089	**
Cr	μg/L	0.18	0.27	<LoD	62.80	0.21	21.85	<LoD	62.80	0.18	31.35
Cu	μg/L	1.69	10.44	1.82	82.57	5.49	47.39	0.60	94.26	9.91	5.15
Fe	μg/L	0.97	331.80	0.68	99.80	4.26	98.72	2.00	99.40	18.43	94.45
Pb	μg/L	0.01	0.25	<LoD	96.39	0.05	79.90	0.02	93.83	0.07	71.94
Hg	μg/L	0.02	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD	<LoD
Mn	μg/L	0.29	0.69	108.18	**	31.53	**	147.89	**	95.18	**
Ni	μg/L	0.05	0.80	0.05	93.21	4.39	**	0.09	88.62	11.36	**
Zn	μg/L	0.16	2.52	0.31	87.64	3.36	**	<LoD	93.65	534.66	**

LoD = limit of detection; ** = increase in concentration over influent level. Metal sampling was done on 5th September 2018.