Bacteriological and physical parameters raw water, systems with and without GAC and drinking water standards
| Bacteriological and physical parameters . | N . | Raw water . | Gravity-driven filter systems with and without GAC . | Drinking water standards . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WFS1 with GAC . | WFS 1 without GAC . | WFS 4 with GAC . | WFS 4 without GAC . | SANS241 . | WHO (2017a) . | |||
| Color | 5 | Yellow to Brownish | Pleasing and clear | Objectionable | Pleasing and clear | Objectionable | ≤15 mg/L Pt-Co | ≤5 Hazen units |
| Odor | 5 | Odorous | Odorless | Objectionable | Odorless | Objectionable | Unobjectionable | |
| Taste | 5 | Sour | Acceptable | Objectionable | Acceptable | Objectionable | Unobjectionable | |
| Fecal coliforms (CFU/100 ml) | 1 | 1,420 | 0 | 2,200 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| E. coli (CFU/100 ml) | 1 | 620 | 0 | 260 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| pH (pH units) | 5 | 7.8 ± 0.03 | 8.7 ± 0.06 | 7.8 ± 0.06 | 8.2 ± 0.33 | 7.8 ± 0.05 | ≥5 to ≤9.7 | 6.5–9.0 |
| Conductivity (μS/cm) | 5 | 255.3 ± 4.0 | 487.7 ± 17.6 | 287.0 ± 10.6 | 343.7 ± 14.0 | 258.7 ± 5.5 | ≤1,700 | 2,500 |
| TDS (mg/L) | 5 | 163.4 ± 2.1 | 312.1 ± 9.2 | 183.7 ± 5.5 | 219.9 ± 7.3 | 165.5 ± 2.9 | ≤1,200 | 1,000 |
| TSS (mg/L) | 5 | 32.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.02 | 0.1 | |
| Turbidity (NTU), aesthetic | 5 | 19.9 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.03 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.01 | ≤5 | 5 |
| Bacteriological and physical parameters . | N . | Raw water . | Gravity-driven filter systems with and without GAC . | Drinking water standards . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WFS1 with GAC . | WFS 1 without GAC . | WFS 4 with GAC . | WFS 4 without GAC . | SANS241 . | WHO (2017a) . | |||
| Color | 5 | Yellow to Brownish | Pleasing and clear | Objectionable | Pleasing and clear | Objectionable | ≤15 mg/L Pt-Co | ≤5 Hazen units |
| Odor | 5 | Odorous | Odorless | Objectionable | Odorless | Objectionable | Unobjectionable | |
| Taste | 5 | Sour | Acceptable | Objectionable | Acceptable | Objectionable | Unobjectionable | |
| Fecal coliforms (CFU/100 ml) | 1 | 1,420 | 0 | 2,200 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| E. coli (CFU/100 ml) | 1 | 620 | 0 | 260 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| pH (pH units) | 5 | 7.8 ± 0.03 | 8.7 ± 0.06 | 7.8 ± 0.06 | 8.2 ± 0.33 | 7.8 ± 0.05 | ≥5 to ≤9.7 | 6.5–9.0 |
| Conductivity (μS/cm) | 5 | 255.3 ± 4.0 | 487.7 ± 17.6 | 287.0 ± 10.6 | 343.7 ± 14.0 | 258.7 ± 5.5 | ≤1,700 | 2,500 |
| TDS (mg/L) | 5 | 163.4 ± 2.1 | 312.1 ± 9.2 | 183.7 ± 5.5 | 219.9 ± 7.3 | 165.5 ± 2.9 | ≤1,200 | 1,000 |
| TSS (mg/L) | 5 | 32.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.02 | 0.1 | |
| Turbidity (NTU), aesthetic | 5 | 19.9 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.03 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.01 | ≤5 | 5 |
±= standard deviation.