Table 2
BCWF removal assay with natural waters testing microbial and physicochemical removal in filtered waters considering drinking water guidelines (WHO 2011b)
| Parameter | Raw water | Effluent (n = 3) | SD | Reduction (%) level | Limits drinking water guidelines | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli (cfu/100 mL) | 3,450.0 |  | 0 | 0 |  | 100.0*** | 0 |
| Color | 46.0 |  | 6.83 | 0.67 |  | 85.14** | 15 |
| Turbidity | 44.00 |  | 0.67 | 0.58 |  | 98.48*** | 5 |
| Nitrite (mg/L) | 0.60 |  | 0.41 | 0.06 |  | 32.09* | 3 |
| Nitrate (mg/L) | 2.88 |  | 2.19 | 0.19 |  | 23.96* | 50 |
| BOD | 6.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00*** | NHC | ||
| COD | 21.00 | 18.25 | 0.68 | 13.07* | NHC | ||
| Ammonia (mg/L) | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 23.43* | NHC | ||
| Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.77 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 84.59** | NHC | ||
| Chloride (mg/L) | 18.71 | 12.97 | 0.75 | 30.70* | NHC | ||
| Sulfate (mg/L) | 29.57 | 21.98 | 1.73 | 25.66* | NHC | ||
| Oil (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 46.15* | NHC | ||
| Alkalinity (mg/L) | 121.65 | 102.93 | 16.21 | 15.38* | NHC | ||
| Parameter | Raw water | Effluent (n = 3) | SD | Reduction (%) level | Limits drinking water guidelines | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli (cfu/100 mL) | 3,450.0 | | 0 | 0 | | 100.0*** | 0 |
| Color | 46.0 | | 6.83 | 0.67 | | 85.14** | 15 |
| Turbidity | 44.00 | | 0.67 | 0.58 | | 98.48*** | 5 |
| Nitrite (mg/L) | 0.60 | | 0.41 | 0.06 | | 32.09* | 3 |
| Nitrate (mg/L) | 2.88 | | 2.19 | 0.19 | | 23.96* | 50 |
| BOD | 6.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00*** | NHC | ||
| COD | 21.00 | 18.25 | 0.68 | 13.07* | NHC | ||
| Ammonia (mg/L) | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 23.43* | NHC | ||
| Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.77 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 84.59** | NHC | ||
| Chloride (mg/L) | 18.71 | 12.97 | 0.75 | 30.70* | NHC | ||
| Sulfate (mg/L) | 29.57 | 21.98 | 1.73 | 25.66* | NHC | ||
| Oil (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 46.15* | NHC | ||
| Alkalinity (mg/L) | 121.65 | 102.93 | 16.21 | 15.38* | NHC | ||
Reduction levels: *10–50%; **50–90%; ***>90%; NHC: non-health concern. Bold numbers highlight significant reduction levels.