Table 4.
Determinants of loss and damage indicators from floods (fixed effects model).
| Variable | Ln(1 + LCROP) | Ln(1 + DHOUSE) | Ln(1 + DPP) | Ln(1 + TELD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Development indicators | ||||||||
| HDI | 17.03 (18.48) | – | −10.54 (19.38) | – | 0.839 (18.69) | – | 8.32 (19.35) | – |
 | −27.75 (24.50) | – | 7.70 (24.66) | – | −6.02 (25.75) | – | −12.51 (26.05) | – |
| Ln(PCNSDPC) | – | −1.3 (1.43) | – | −0.38 (1.57) | – | 3.17* (1.69) | – | 1.45 (1.55) |
 | – | 0.00 (0.00) | – | −0.00 (0.00) | – | −0.00 (0.00) | – | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Hazard and risk | ||||||||
| ARAIN | 0.004** (0.002) | 0.003** (0.002) | 0.005*** (0.002) | 0.005** (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.002) |
| AAREA | 25.62*** (7.10) | 23.97*** (6.87) | 20.61** (7.36) | 18.70** (7.11) | 25.08*** (6.45) | 22.81*** (5.94) | 21.98*** (6.15) | 21.09*** (6.04) |
| Disaster-specific adaptation measures | ||||||||
| NFY | 1.96*** (0.40) | 1.42** (0.54) | 1.85*** (0.31) | 1.61*** (0.48) | 1.83*** (0.43) | 1.23** (0.52) | 2.4*** (0.35) | 1.79*** (0.34) |
| DRR | −3.37* (1.92) | −1.4 (2.21) | −1.28 (1.79) | −0.11 (2.02) | −1.26 (2.38) | 0.97 (2.65) | −1.59 (1.90) | 0.28 (1.88) |
| Constant | −2.51 (3.90) | 13.08 (12.64) | −0.41 (4.25) | 2.41 (13.99) | −2.98 (3.65) | −28.75* (14.78) | −3.74 (3.87) | −12.44 (13.79) |
| Time effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
 (overall) | 0.297 | 0.301 | 0.229 | 0.267 | 0.229 | 0.240 | 0.225 | 0.247 |
| No. of observations | 1,239 | 1,003 | 1,239 | 1,003 | 1,239 | 1,003 | 1,239 | 1,003 |
| No. of states | 21 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 17 |
| Model | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) |
| Variable | Ln(1 + LCROP) | Ln(1 + DHOUSE) | Ln(1 + DPP) | Ln(1 + TELD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Development indicators | ||||||||
| HDI | 17.03 (18.48) | – | −10.54 (19.38) | – | 0.839 (18.69) | – | 8.32 (19.35) | – |
| | −27.75 (24.50) | – | 7.70 (24.66) | – | −6.02 (25.75) | – | −12.51 (26.05) | – |
| Ln(PCNSDPC) | – | −1.3 (1.43) | – | −0.38 (1.57) | – | 3.17* (1.69) | – | 1.45 (1.55) |
| | – | 0.00 (0.00) | – | −0.00 (0.00) | – | −0.00 (0.00) | – | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Hazard and risk | ||||||||
| ARAIN | 0.004** (0.002) | 0.003** (0.002) | 0.005*** (0.002) | 0.005** (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.002) |
| AAREA | 25.62*** (7.10) | 23.97*** (6.87) | 20.61** (7.36) | 18.70** (7.11) | 25.08*** (6.45) | 22.81*** (5.94) | 21.98*** (6.15) | 21.09*** (6.04) |
| Disaster-specific adaptation measures | ||||||||
| NFY | 1.96*** (0.40) | 1.42** (0.54) | 1.85*** (0.31) | 1.61*** (0.48) | 1.83*** (0.43) | 1.23** (0.52) | 2.4*** (0.35) | 1.79*** (0.34) |
| DRR | −3.37* (1.92) | −1.4 (2.21) | −1.28 (1.79) | −0.11 (2.02) | −1.26 (2.38) | 0.97 (2.65) | −1.59 (1.90) | 0.28 (1.88) |
| Constant | −2.51 (3.90) | 13.08 (12.64) | −0.41 (4.25) | 2.41 (13.99) | −2.98 (3.65) | −28.75* (14.78) | −3.74 (3.87) | −12.44 (13.79) |
| Time effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| (overall) | 0.297 | 0.301 | 0.229 | 0.267 | 0.229 | 0.240 | 0.225 | 0.247 |
| No. of observations | 1,239 | 1,003 | 1,239 | 1,003 | 1,239 | 1,003 | 1,239 | 1,003 |
| No. of states | 21 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 17 |
| Model | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) | OLS(FE) |
Note: Cluster robust standard errors in parentheses; FE, fixed effects; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.
Source: Authors' computation.