Table 2

Statistical parameters of the single meta-model approaches for selected stations

ModelValidation
Testing
Validation
Testing
DCRMSEAICDCRMSEAICDCRMSEAICDCRMSEAIC
SPI 3 Tabriz Urmia 
FFNN 0.460 0.854 −18.340 0.430 0.949 −9.026 0.542 0.684 −27.247 0.511 0.722 −23.651 
SVM 0.448 0.871 −17.923 0.431 0.941 −10.844 0.520 0.699 −24.891 0.498 0.762 −20.250 
GPR 0.517 0.801 −23.548 0.498 0.820 −14.307 0.609 0.631 −38.439 0.554 0.672 −29.126 
GEP 0.431 0.942 −11.580 0.418 0.976 −5.0680 0.477 0.779 −19.178 0.468 0.896 −13.154 
 Ardabil Makoo 
FFNN 0.449 0.899 −16.210 0.450 0.911 −7.223 0.526 0.928 −28.124 0.516 0.944 −16.071 
SVM 0.438 0.931 −11.840 0.413 0.951 −5.276 0.514 0.946 −22.140 0.528 0.925 −12.651 
GPR 0.508 0.864 −18.799 0.481 0.872 −8.377 0.608 0.873 −33.617 0.598 0.901 −19.325 
GEP 0.428 0.948 −9.0451 0.409 0.994 −3.031 0.531 0.922 −29.171 0.501 1.032 −10.887 
SPI 9 Tabriz Urmia 
FFNN 0.702 0.722 −21.274 0.702 0.797 −13.185 0.731 0.570 −31.607 0.715 0.609 −31.929 
SVM 0.684 0.731 −20.791 0.687 0.789 −18.257 0.713 0.613 −28.873 0.672 0.651 −27.338 
GPR 0.789 0.677 −29.316 0.756 0.689 −24.314 0.852 0.501 −44.589 0.765 0.564 −39.320 
GEP 0.683 0.739 −13.433 0.655 0.824 −10.842 0.687 0.609 −22.246 0.631 0.807 −17.758 
 Ardabil Makoo 
FFNN 0.778 0.756 −25.749 0.721 0.761 −10.185 0.718 0.782 −35.999 0.686 0.794 −22.660 
SVM 0.761 0.785 −19.155 0.701 0.801 −7.4390 0.711 0.792 −28.339 0.659 0.776 −17.839 
GPR 0.852 0.684 −29.063 0.758 0.728 −12.812 0.822 0.728 −43.030 0.733 0.749 −27.249 
GEP 0.720 0.796 −16.578 0.618 0.841 −5.2730 0.699 0.774 −27.339 0.649 0.872 −15.351 
SPI 24 Tabriz Urmia 
FFNN 0.800 0.513 −25.742 0.772 0.601 −20.458 0.848 0.402 −36.664 0.822 0.433 −34.483 
SVM 0.779 0.517 −24.157 0.756 0.586 −19.763 0.833 0.454 −33.493 0.814 0.483 −29.525 
GPR 0.899 0.476 −33.052 0.832 0.491 −30.154 0.917 0.337 −48.211 0.901 0.351 −42.466 
GEP 0.778 0.511 −16.254 0.720 0.627 −16.422 0.808 0.438 −30.214 0.799 0.612 −21.309 
 Ardabil Makoo 
FFNN 0.840 0.526 −32.803 0.808 0.537 −24.311 0.874 0.529 −42.478 0.831 0.513 −29.684 
SVM 0.822 0.577 −28.308 0.785 0.585 −22.015 0.823 0.533 −33.440 0.809 0.527 −23.368 
GPR 0.884 0.480 −38.244 0.849 0.516 −30.315 0.911 0.485 −50.776 0.883 0.512 −35.696 
GEP 0.805 0.585 −23.281 0.729 0.628 −11.051 0.839 0.525 −32.260 0.817 0.616 −20.109 
ModelValidation
Testing
Validation
Testing
DCRMSEAICDCRMSEAICDCRMSEAICDCRMSEAIC
SPI 3 Tabriz Urmia 
FFNN 0.460 0.854 −18.340 0.430 0.949 −9.026 0.542 0.684 −27.247 0.511 0.722 −23.651 
SVM 0.448 0.871 −17.923 0.431 0.941 −10.844 0.520 0.699 −24.891 0.498 0.762 −20.250 
GPR 0.517 0.801 −23.548 0.498 0.820 −14.307 0.609 0.631 −38.439 0.554 0.672 −29.126 
GEP 0.431 0.942 −11.580 0.418 0.976 −5.0680 0.477 0.779 −19.178 0.468 0.896 −13.154 
 Ardabil Makoo 
FFNN 0.449 0.899 −16.210 0.450 0.911 −7.223 0.526 0.928 −28.124 0.516 0.944 −16.071 
SVM 0.438 0.931 −11.840 0.413 0.951 −5.276 0.514 0.946 −22.140 0.528 0.925 −12.651 
GPR 0.508 0.864 −18.799 0.481 0.872 −8.377 0.608 0.873 −33.617 0.598 0.901 −19.325 
GEP 0.428 0.948 −9.0451 0.409 0.994 −3.031 0.531 0.922 −29.171 0.501 1.032 −10.887 
SPI 9 Tabriz Urmia 
FFNN 0.702 0.722 −21.274 0.702 0.797 −13.185 0.731 0.570 −31.607 0.715 0.609 −31.929 
SVM 0.684 0.731 −20.791 0.687 0.789 −18.257 0.713 0.613 −28.873 0.672 0.651 −27.338 
GPR 0.789 0.677 −29.316 0.756 0.689 −24.314 0.852 0.501 −44.589 0.765 0.564 −39.320 
GEP 0.683 0.739 −13.433 0.655 0.824 −10.842 0.687 0.609 −22.246 0.631 0.807 −17.758 
 Ardabil Makoo 
FFNN 0.778 0.756 −25.749 0.721 0.761 −10.185 0.718 0.782 −35.999 0.686 0.794 −22.660 
SVM 0.761 0.785 −19.155 0.701 0.801 −7.4390 0.711 0.792 −28.339 0.659 0.776 −17.839 
GPR 0.852 0.684 −29.063 0.758 0.728 −12.812 0.822 0.728 −43.030 0.733 0.749 −27.249 
GEP 0.720 0.796 −16.578 0.618 0.841 −5.2730 0.699 0.774 −27.339 0.649 0.872 −15.351 
SPI 24 Tabriz Urmia 
FFNN 0.800 0.513 −25.742 0.772 0.601 −20.458 0.848 0.402 −36.664 0.822 0.433 −34.483 
SVM 0.779 0.517 −24.157 0.756 0.586 −19.763 0.833 0.454 −33.493 0.814 0.483 −29.525 
GPR 0.899 0.476 −33.052 0.832 0.491 −30.154 0.917 0.337 −48.211 0.901 0.351 −42.466 
GEP 0.778 0.511 −16.254 0.720 0.627 −16.422 0.808 0.438 −30.214 0.799 0.612 −21.309 
 Ardabil Makoo 
FFNN 0.840 0.526 −32.803 0.808 0.537 −24.311 0.874 0.529 −42.478 0.831 0.513 −29.684 
SVM 0.822 0.577 −28.308 0.785 0.585 −22.015 0.823 0.533 −33.440 0.809 0.527 −23.368 
GPR 0.884 0.480 −38.244 0.849 0.516 −30.315 0.911 0.485 −50.776 0.883 0.512 −35.696 
GEP 0.805 0.585 −23.281 0.729 0.628 −11.051 0.839 0.525 −32.260 0.817 0.616 −20.109 
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