Surface water related studies along Hadejia River Basin
| SN . | Author and year . | Research objectives . | Methods . | Significant findings . | Comments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahmad et al. (2017) | To evaluate the performance and sufficiency of water use system of KRIP (upstream) | Technique: Meso-level of the new and innovative sufficiency framework | There is no significant attention to water resources management in KRIP and the Kano river entirely, while the rate of consumption is considerably increasing | There is poor management of water usage in KRIP scheme |
| 2 | Umar & Ankidawa (2016) | Assessing the effects and threats of climate variations and the ineffective management of wetlands areas (downstream) | Technique: Double mass curve analysis. Sequent, simple linear models (SLM). Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The study attributed the conducive condition for Typha grass to thrive on the increased rainfall variability. This unwanted grass now occupies substantial primary farmlands of about 200 km2 as well the lucrative fishing grounds | The study shows how inadequate management has resulted in the development of Typha grass that has blocked and consumed a substantial area of the basin |
| 3 | Tasi'u & Igusi (2016) | Assessing rural water supply situations in Kano region (rural areas along the basin) | Technique: Focus group discussion was employed with the rural settlers | Insufficiency of freshwater supply characterized the rural water supply situations in Kano as stated by about 62.9% of the interviewers, and open wells constitute 41.4% of water supply sources in the area | Water supply in the area can be supplemented through improvement in groundwater development in the locations where it is available and exploitable |
| 4 | Sobowale et al. (2014) | Evaluation of groundwater recharge in irrigated lands (entire basin) | Technique: Water level fluctuation (wlf) method | Recharge ranges from 17 to 32 mm daily on the farmland. Average of 8 mm of water is added to storage daily from both rainfall and irrigation. The waterlogging problems that build up salt condition could be ameliorated by the use of surface and groundwater from the farmland | There is a lack of proper management of irrigation water |
| 5 | Mustapha et al. (2014) | To assess the spatial variations of surface water pollution and their sources in Kano River (upstream) | Technique: Cluster, discriminant and principal component analysis, one-way ANOVA and post hoc comparison test | Provides an awareness into the magnitude of Kano River water quality and the identification of pollution sources for proper water quality protection and management | Spatial interpolation techniques such as IDW could have been used to present the spatial trend of pollution across the catchment |
| 6 | Ikusemoran & Ezekiel (2011) | Monitoring the rapid shrinking of Hadejia Nguru wetland (downstream) | Technique: Descriptive and regression methods. Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The decreasing sphere of influence of the wetland can be attributed to climate change, human activities and construction of several dams at the upstream of the river. Frequent monitoring of the area through the use of remotely sensed data and GIS techniques are recommended | The fact that the study involves spatial extent, geographical information system (GIS) could have been employed |
| 7 | Odunuga et al. (2011) | To explore the water fluctuations and land use changes within the basin for sustainable agricultural development (entire basin) | Technique: Empirical Thornthwaite model and land use change detection. Data: Climatic data and Landsat satellite imageries | Water balance deficits are manifested in this basin, largely by the increased soil moisture demand. Proper management and adaptation strategies are needed urgently otherwise serious water crises may engulf the basin | This study indicates fear of water crisis due to poor management of basin water resources |
| 8 | Sobowale et al. (2010) | Assessing water resource potential of Hadejia River sub-basin (entire basin) | Technique: Double mass curve analysis. Sequent, simple linear model (SLM). Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | Existing water resource availability in this river sub-basin based on water balance was matched with potential water demand. The water balance potential of the area has indicated that 75% of the river water between Wudil and Hadejia area will likely get exhausted by 2010 as the water use rate will reach 100% by 2018 | The study projected the consequences of increased population and urbanization on the water resource availability |
| 9 | Barbier (2003) | Determination of the impact of upstream water diversion on downstream activities in Hadejia River Basin (entire basin) | Technique: Economic modelling descriptive and regression methods, Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The study demonstrates the negative consequences of increased irrigation in the upstream area on the wetlands areas downstream. This suggests that the increased expansion of the irrigation project is uneconomical. It is also suggested that the initiated controlled flooding regime would perhaps safeguard the groundwater | The study portrays the effectiveness of river basin water management |
| 10 | Goes (2002) | To determine the consequences of river regulations on aquatic macrophyte advances and the consequent flooding in the downstream of the river catchment (downstream) | Technique: Descriptive and regression methods. Data: Secondary data, river discharge, observations, weather records | The development of macrophyte weed as a result of change in the river flow was found to aggravate flooding in the area | Has exemplified the effect of river regulation on the downstream flow characteristics |
| 11 | Goes (2001) | Determining the consequences of upstream river regulation on downstream users in Hadejia River Basin (entire basin) | Technique: Descriptive and regression methods. Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The dams constructed upstream of the river have changed the river flow from ephemeral to perennial. Introducing dry season flow has resulted in the development of weed which retards the smooth flow of river water. Consequently, Hadejia River catchment stopped contributing to the downstream river | The study lacks rigorous methodologies such as the use of hydrological modelling |
| 12 | Thompson & Polet (2000) | Examining the impact of human activities on the hydrological characteristics of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands (downstream) | Technique: Hydrological survey, analyses of flow data and the flood hydrograph. Data: Hydrologic surveys data, river flow data and flood hydrograph | The pattern of land use distribution was found to be influenced by spatial variation in hydrological features. Rice, for example, is favourable cultivation done in the swampy areas popularly known as flood receded. Fishing and animal grazing were also shaped by the hydrological differentiation between the spatial locations | There is a need for assessing the changes in the spatial scope of flood inundation area(s) over time using GIS and RS |
| 13 | Goes (1999) | To estimate shallow groundwater recharge in the lower course of the river (downstream) | Technique: Simple descriptive and regression methods. Data: Well records and hydrogeology data | The annual inundation of the flood plain area was the principal source of groundwater recharge. The groundwater table started increasing in the first week after the surface inundation | The study has not taken cognizance of the increased climate variability on the changing flow behaviour |
| 14 | Thomas & Adams (1999) | To examine the change that resulted in the past 20 years of Tiga Dam operation (upstream) | Technique: Time series analysis and personal interview | The impacts of Tiga Dam regulations is the change in flow characteristics exacerbated by drought. However, the agricultural practices are gradually adapting to these changes. The adaptation was facilitated by physiological forces related to these changes and the improvement in agricultural innovations and technologies | It is not certain whether the increased production will be sustainable due to increased population and climate change |
| 15 | Thompson & Hollis (1995) | To determine the sustainability of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands contributions on the socio-economic activities of the inhabitants (downstream) | Technique: Water balance model. Data: Hydro-climatic data | The planned projects intended for the area, if fully implemented, will result in reduction in floods' extent and groundwater storages will drastically reduce due to low recharge. However, an artificial flooding was suggested to facilitate delivery of water to various water users in the upstream and the downstream areas of the basin | The study proposes an artificial flood that will take care of all the water demand/uses within the basin |
| SN . | Author and year . | Research objectives . | Methods . | Significant findings . | Comments . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahmad et al. (2017) | To evaluate the performance and sufficiency of water use system of KRIP (upstream) | Technique: Meso-level of the new and innovative sufficiency framework | There is no significant attention to water resources management in KRIP and the Kano river entirely, while the rate of consumption is considerably increasing | There is poor management of water usage in KRIP scheme |
| 2 | Umar & Ankidawa (2016) | Assessing the effects and threats of climate variations and the ineffective management of wetlands areas (downstream) | Technique: Double mass curve analysis. Sequent, simple linear models (SLM). Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The study attributed the conducive condition for Typha grass to thrive on the increased rainfall variability. This unwanted grass now occupies substantial primary farmlands of about 200 km2 as well the lucrative fishing grounds | The study shows how inadequate management has resulted in the development of Typha grass that has blocked and consumed a substantial area of the basin |
| 3 | Tasi'u & Igusi (2016) | Assessing rural water supply situations in Kano region (rural areas along the basin) | Technique: Focus group discussion was employed with the rural settlers | Insufficiency of freshwater supply characterized the rural water supply situations in Kano as stated by about 62.9% of the interviewers, and open wells constitute 41.4% of water supply sources in the area | Water supply in the area can be supplemented through improvement in groundwater development in the locations where it is available and exploitable |
| 4 | Sobowale et al. (2014) | Evaluation of groundwater recharge in irrigated lands (entire basin) | Technique: Water level fluctuation (wlf) method | Recharge ranges from 17 to 32 mm daily on the farmland. Average of 8 mm of water is added to storage daily from both rainfall and irrigation. The waterlogging problems that build up salt condition could be ameliorated by the use of surface and groundwater from the farmland | There is a lack of proper management of irrigation water |
| 5 | Mustapha et al. (2014) | To assess the spatial variations of surface water pollution and their sources in Kano River (upstream) | Technique: Cluster, discriminant and principal component analysis, one-way ANOVA and post hoc comparison test | Provides an awareness into the magnitude of Kano River water quality and the identification of pollution sources for proper water quality protection and management | Spatial interpolation techniques such as IDW could have been used to present the spatial trend of pollution across the catchment |
| 6 | Ikusemoran & Ezekiel (2011) | Monitoring the rapid shrinking of Hadejia Nguru wetland (downstream) | Technique: Descriptive and regression methods. Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The decreasing sphere of influence of the wetland can be attributed to climate change, human activities and construction of several dams at the upstream of the river. Frequent monitoring of the area through the use of remotely sensed data and GIS techniques are recommended | The fact that the study involves spatial extent, geographical information system (GIS) could have been employed |
| 7 | Odunuga et al. (2011) | To explore the water fluctuations and land use changes within the basin for sustainable agricultural development (entire basin) | Technique: Empirical Thornthwaite model and land use change detection. Data: Climatic data and Landsat satellite imageries | Water balance deficits are manifested in this basin, largely by the increased soil moisture demand. Proper management and adaptation strategies are needed urgently otherwise serious water crises may engulf the basin | This study indicates fear of water crisis due to poor management of basin water resources |
| 8 | Sobowale et al. (2010) | Assessing water resource potential of Hadejia River sub-basin (entire basin) | Technique: Double mass curve analysis. Sequent, simple linear model (SLM). Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | Existing water resource availability in this river sub-basin based on water balance was matched with potential water demand. The water balance potential of the area has indicated that 75% of the river water between Wudil and Hadejia area will likely get exhausted by 2010 as the water use rate will reach 100% by 2018 | The study projected the consequences of increased population and urbanization on the water resource availability |
| 9 | Barbier (2003) | Determination of the impact of upstream water diversion on downstream activities in Hadejia River Basin (entire basin) | Technique: Economic modelling descriptive and regression methods, Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The study demonstrates the negative consequences of increased irrigation in the upstream area on the wetlands areas downstream. This suggests that the increased expansion of the irrigation project is uneconomical. It is also suggested that the initiated controlled flooding regime would perhaps safeguard the groundwater | The study portrays the effectiveness of river basin water management |
| 10 | Goes (2002) | To determine the consequences of river regulations on aquatic macrophyte advances and the consequent flooding in the downstream of the river catchment (downstream) | Technique: Descriptive and regression methods. Data: Secondary data, river discharge, observations, weather records | The development of macrophyte weed as a result of change in the river flow was found to aggravate flooding in the area | Has exemplified the effect of river regulation on the downstream flow characteristics |
| 11 | Goes (2001) | Determining the consequences of upstream river regulation on downstream users in Hadejia River Basin (entire basin) | Technique: Descriptive and regression methods. Data: Secondary data, empirical observations, weather records | The dams constructed upstream of the river have changed the river flow from ephemeral to perennial. Introducing dry season flow has resulted in the development of weed which retards the smooth flow of river water. Consequently, Hadejia River catchment stopped contributing to the downstream river | The study lacks rigorous methodologies such as the use of hydrological modelling |
| 12 | Thompson & Polet (2000) | Examining the impact of human activities on the hydrological characteristics of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands (downstream) | Technique: Hydrological survey, analyses of flow data and the flood hydrograph. Data: Hydrologic surveys data, river flow data and flood hydrograph | The pattern of land use distribution was found to be influenced by spatial variation in hydrological features. Rice, for example, is favourable cultivation done in the swampy areas popularly known as flood receded. Fishing and animal grazing were also shaped by the hydrological differentiation between the spatial locations | There is a need for assessing the changes in the spatial scope of flood inundation area(s) over time using GIS and RS |
| 13 | Goes (1999) | To estimate shallow groundwater recharge in the lower course of the river (downstream) | Technique: Simple descriptive and regression methods. Data: Well records and hydrogeology data | The annual inundation of the flood plain area was the principal source of groundwater recharge. The groundwater table started increasing in the first week after the surface inundation | The study has not taken cognizance of the increased climate variability on the changing flow behaviour |
| 14 | Thomas & Adams (1999) | To examine the change that resulted in the past 20 years of Tiga Dam operation (upstream) | Technique: Time series analysis and personal interview | The impacts of Tiga Dam regulations is the change in flow characteristics exacerbated by drought. However, the agricultural practices are gradually adapting to these changes. The adaptation was facilitated by physiological forces related to these changes and the improvement in agricultural innovations and technologies | It is not certain whether the increased production will be sustainable due to increased population and climate change |
| 15 | Thompson & Hollis (1995) | To determine the sustainability of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands contributions on the socio-economic activities of the inhabitants (downstream) | Technique: Water balance model. Data: Hydro-climatic data | The planned projects intended for the area, if fully implemented, will result in reduction in floods' extent and groundwater storages will drastically reduce due to low recharge. However, an artificial flooding was suggested to facilitate delivery of water to various water users in the upstream and the downstream areas of the basin | The study proposes an artificial flood that will take care of all the water demand/uses within the basin |