Daily water demand of a hospital bed under normal conditions and in emergencies.
| Country/Region . | Water demand . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal conditions . | Emergencies . | |||
| l/(bed · day) . | Source . | l/(bed · day) . | Source . | |
| Europe | 500–1,000a | Ludwig, (2002) | ||
| USA | 300–1,514b | VDT, (2008); WSDH, (2009) | 298 | Welter et al., (2013) |
| Japan | 257 | Murakawa, (2013) | ||
| Spain | 534c | González et al., (2016) | ||
| Germany | 120–830 | Karger & Hoffmann, (2013) | 75–150 | BMI, (2016) |
| 283 | González et al., (2018) | |||
| 370 | VDI 3807-2, 2016 | |||
| 455d | Reller, (2000) | |||
| 679e | Dettenkofer et al., (2000) | |||
| Austria | 120–830 | Neunteufel et al., (2010) | 40–60 | ÖVGW, (2017) |
| World | 40–60f; 100g | Sphere Association, (2018) | ||
| 220–300 | UNHCR, (1992) | |||
| Country/Region . | Water demand . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal conditions . | Emergencies . | |||
| l/(bed · day) . | Source . | l/(bed · day) . | Source . | |
| Europe | 500–1,000a | Ludwig, (2002) | ||
| USA | 300–1,514b | VDT, (2008); WSDH, (2009) | 298 | Welter et al., (2013) |
| Japan | 257 | Murakawa, (2013) | ||
| Spain | 534c | González et al., (2016) | ||
| Germany | 120–830 | Karger & Hoffmann, (2013) | 75–150 | BMI, (2016) |
| 283 | González et al., (2018) | |||
| 370 | VDI 3807-2, 2016 | |||
| 455d | Reller, (2000) | |||
| 679e | Dettenkofer et al., (2000) | |||
| Austria | 120–830 | Neunteufel et al., (2010) | 40–60 | ÖVGW, (2017) |
| World | 40–60f; 100g | Sphere Association, (2018) | ||
| 220–300 | UNHCR, (1992) | |||
aAverage annual water demand between 183 and 365 m3 per bed.
bAverage annual water demand between 110 and 553 m3 per bed.
cAverage annual water demand of 195 m³ per bed.
dAverage annual water demand of 166 m³ per bed.
eAverage annual water demand of 248 m³ per bed.
fInpatients.
gPer surgical intervention and delivery.