Log10 removal/inactivation of viruses by different treatment processes
| Process . | Virus/Indicator . | Removal/Inactivation (Log10) . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary treatment | |||
| Grit chamber | MS-2 phage | 0.0–0.3 | Prakashi & Chaudhuri (1982) |
| Fine screen | Enterovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus | 0.1–0.2 | Zhou et al. (2015) |
| Secondary treatment | |||
| Activated sludge | Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus, and norovirus | 0.7–2.9 | Hewitt et al. (2011) |
| Noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems | Katayama et al. (2008) | ||
| Trickling filter | MS-2 phage | 0.0–0.8 | Prakashi & Chaudhuri (1982) |
| MBR | Noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems | 3.4–6.8 | Katayama et al. (2008) |
| Enterovirus, norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII), human adenovirus (HAdV) | Simmons et al. (2011) | ||
| Tertiary/advanced treatment | |||
| Chemical coagulation-alum, iron salts | Enterovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus | 1.0–2.9 | Zhou et al. (2015) |
| Microfiltration | Poliovirus, Coliphage f2 | 0.2–5.1 | Madaeni et al. (1995) and Zheng & Liu (2006) |
| Ultrafiltration | MS-2 and PRD-1 phage | >3.0 | Jacangelo et al. (2005) and Lovins et al. (2002) |
| Nanofiltration | MS-2 and PRD-1 phage | >5.4 | Lovins et al. (2002) |
| Reverse osmosis | MS-2 | >6.5 | Adham et al. (1998) |
| Disinfection | |||
| Chlorination | F-specific and somatic coliphage, enterovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and Hepatitis A | 0.8–2.8 | Francy et al. (2012) |
| F + -specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage (MS-2) | Tree Adams & Lees (2003) | ||
| Ozonation | F-specific and somatic coliphage, enterovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and Hepatitis A | 0.2– >6.0 | Francy et al. (2012) |
| UV radiation | Poliovirus, adenovirus, reovirus, MS-2, rotavirus, calicivirus, and Hepatitis A | 1.43–6.0 | Owens et al. (2000) and National Research Council (NRC) (2012) |
| Process . | Virus/Indicator . | Removal/Inactivation (Log10) . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary treatment | |||
| Grit chamber | MS-2 phage | 0.0–0.3 | Prakashi & Chaudhuri (1982) |
| Fine screen | Enterovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus | 0.1–0.2 | Zhou et al. (2015) |
| Secondary treatment | |||
| Activated sludge | Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus, and norovirus | 0.7–2.9 | Hewitt et al. (2011) |
| Noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems | Katayama et al. (2008) | ||
| Trickling filter | MS-2 phage | 0.0–0.8 | Prakashi & Chaudhuri (1982) |
| MBR | Noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems | 3.4–6.8 | Katayama et al. (2008) |
| Enterovirus, norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII), human adenovirus (HAdV) | Simmons et al. (2011) | ||
| Tertiary/advanced treatment | |||
| Chemical coagulation-alum, iron salts | Enterovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus | 1.0–2.9 | Zhou et al. (2015) |
| Microfiltration | Poliovirus, Coliphage f2 | 0.2–5.1 | Madaeni et al. (1995) and Zheng & Liu (2006) |
| Ultrafiltration | MS-2 and PRD-1 phage | >3.0 | Jacangelo et al. (2005) and Lovins et al. (2002) |
| Nanofiltration | MS-2 and PRD-1 phage | >5.4 | Lovins et al. (2002) |
| Reverse osmosis | MS-2 | >6.5 | Adham et al. (1998) |
| Disinfection | |||
| Chlorination | F-specific and somatic coliphage, enterovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and Hepatitis A | 0.8–2.8 | Francy et al. (2012) |
| F + -specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage (MS-2) | Tree Adams & Lees (2003) | ||
| Ozonation | F-specific and somatic coliphage, enterovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and Hepatitis A | 0.2– >6.0 | Francy et al. (2012) |
| UV radiation | Poliovirus, adenovirus, reovirus, MS-2, rotavirus, calicivirus, and Hepatitis A | 1.43–6.0 | Owens et al. (2000) and National Research Council (NRC) (2012) |
Removal/inactivation is dependent on the virus. Adapted from Zhang et al. (2016).