Methodology of synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from plants
| Common name . | Scientific name . | Extraction method . | Phytochemicals . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red fruit passion flower | Passiflora foetida | 25 g of peel powder with 200 mL water in a beaker and stirred for 30 min at 70 °C. The solution is passed through Whatman filter paper no. 42 and centrifuged at 7,000 rpm. | Saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids | Khan et al. (2021), Siriwardhene (2013) |
| Date palm | Phoenix dactylifera | Syrup washed to eliminate dirt room dried for 36 h, powdered and sieved through 100 mesh. | Quinones, organic acids, and flavones | Rambabu et al. (2021) |
| Miracle grass | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | 5 g of dry plant powder was added to a conical flask with 100 mL distilled water. Then it was autoclaved for 40 min at 100 °C with high pressure. The autoclaved extract was filtered with Whatman No. 1 filter paper and centrifuged at 4,500 rpm at room temperature for 15 min to eliminate undesired components. | Flavonoid, quercetin, alkaloids, rutin | Park et al. (2021) |
| Bush plum | Carissa edulis | 10 mg of extract in 20 mL of water mixed with 80 mL of 1 mM of zinc nitrate to synthesis ZnO NPs. | Alkaloids, sterols, resin | Fowsiya et al. (2016) |
| Thick-leaf lavender | Anisochilus carnosus | Leaves extract allowed to boil using a stirrer heater. Then, 5 g of zinc nitrate was added to the above solution as the temperature reached 60 °C. This mixture was further boiled until its color changed into a dark yellow. | Polyphenols, carboxylic acid, polysaccharides, amino acids, and proteins | Anbuvannan et al. (2015) |
| Redbush tea | Aspalathus linearis | The natural extract was used to reduce zinc-based salts including ZnNO3, and ZnCl2, as well as Zn-ammonium hydrate-based precursors. | Flavones, flavanones and flavonols | Diallo et al. (2015) |
| Indian borage | Plectranthus amboinicus | 0.1 M zinc nitrate solution was prepared with 30 ml water. Then 10 ml P. amboinicus leaf extract was added to the above solution and kept under continuous stirring at 80 °C for 4 h. | Saponins, polyuronides (pectins, mucilage, gums), tannins (gallic), reducing compounds, flavonoids | Fu & Fu (2015) |
| Maakada singi | Caralluma fimbriata | 1 mol% leaves extract, and an aqueous mixture of zinc nitrate was added to gadolinium nitrate solution with constant stirring to ensure uniform mixing. The Petri dish containing the redox mixture was placed into a muffle furnace maintained at 350 ± 10 °C. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, sterols, saponins, oils and fats, tannins, phenolic compounds, proteins and amino acids, gums and mucilage | Mishra et al. (2016), Packialakshmi & Naziya (2014) |
| Autumn joy | Sedum alfredii | 30 g of Shoots of S. alfredii were mixed in 95% ethanol solution at 70 °C for 120 min after particles adhering to the surfaces of the shoots had been removed with water. The mixtures were filtered 3 times with filter paper. The residues and filtrates were collected, respectively. NaOH (10%) was added to the filtrates to adjust the pH values to 11. | Chlorophyllin | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Pecan | Carya illinoinensis | 10 g of leaves are cut into pieces, ground into a paste, and soaked in 100 mL of deionized water in a 250 mL glass beaker. The solution was heated at 70 °C for 30 min using a magnetic stirrer until the color of the solution changed. The aqueous leaf extract was left to cool down at room temperature, filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper, and centrifuged at 7,000 rpm for 30 min. | Total phenolics (TP), condensed tannin (CT) | Ahmad et al. (2021), Villarreal-Lozoya et al. (2007) |
| Olive | Olea europaea | 10 g of O. europaea leaves were mixed with 100 ml of deionized water. The mixture was heated at 60 °C for 30 min using a stirrer heater. The resulting product was filtered. | Terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids | Hashemi et al. (2016) |
| Thyme | Thymus vulgaris | 6 g in 100 mL distilled water (DW), heating at 80 °C for 1 h, and then filtered. | Thymol, carvacrol | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Moringa | Moringa oleifera | 5 g of leaves were washed thoroughly with distilled water, and the surfaces of leaves were sterilized using alcohol. These leaves were heated for 40 min in 100 ml of distilled water at 50⁰ C. Then, the extract was filtered with Whatman No. 41 filter paper. | Alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, volatile oils, and hydrolyzable tannins. | Pal et al. (2018), Dahiru et al. (2006) |
| Aloe vera | Aloe barbadensis miller | Small pieces of peel were cut and grounded with pestle mortar in distilled water to make an aqueous solution of peel extract. The aqueous solution was filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 1 to remove debris. | Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Okra | Abelmoschus | 10 mL of leaves mixed in 0.01 mol zinc acetate dihydrate was hydrolyzed with the 0.01 mol sodium hydroxide with the leaf extract, pH is adjusted to the basic at 9–11, then cool at room temperature. Centrifuge at 7,000 rpm for 10 min. | Steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavones, lignins | Mirgane et al. (2020), Chaudhary et al.(2019) |
| Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus globulus | 20 g of leaf powder was added to 100 ml of deionized water and kept for boiling at 80 ⁰ C for about 1 h. The formed precipitate was filtered, and obtained supernatant was stored at 4 °C. | Cuminic aldehyde | Siripireddy & Mandal (2017) |
| Neem | Azadirachta indica | 25 g of fresh leaves in 100 mL of double-distilled water (DDW), heating while stirring at 60 °C for 20′ and then filtered. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Coriander | Coriandrum sativum | 10 g Coriander leaf powder was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and stirred at 100 °C for 15 min. The solution was then filtered with a 1.5-micron Whatman filter paper No. 1. | Flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenol | Singh et al. (2019) |
| Oak | QuercusL. | 20 g of fruit was added in 100 mL of distilled water and boiled for 5 min. after boiling, the color of the aqueous solution was dark brown, and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. | Steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavones, lignins | Sorbiun et al. (2018) |
| Mangosteen | Garcinia mangostana | 8 g of fruit pericarps in 100 mL water, heated at 70–80 °C for 20 min and then filtered. | Phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Dhobi tree | Mussaenda frondosa | Plant extract and distilled water in the ratio (1:10) were taken in a round-bottomed flask, and the extraction was carried out at 100 °C under reflux for 4 h. The extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and centrifuged to remove any undissolved debris | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides | Jayappa et al. (2020), Pappachen & Sreelakshmi (2017) |
| Dane wort | Sambucus ebulus | 2 mL of extract mixed with a solution for 2 h at 80 °C; the suspension was centrifuged for 15 min, and the precipitate was dried at 60 °C. | Acetic acid, pentatonic acid, lignocaine, isovaleric acid | Alamdari et al.(2020) |
| Simple leaf chaste tree | Vitex trifolia | 40 g leaves were boiled with 200 ml of double-distilled water for 40 min at 60⁰ C. Mild yellow-colored solution is formed, once cooled at room temperature it was filtered with filter paper (Whatman No. 1). | Alkaloids, saponins, tannin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids | Elumalai et al. (2015) |
| Broccoli | Brassica oleracea L. var. italica | 8 g of the dried broccoli was weighed out, washed with double deionized water to eliminate superficial impurities. The pulverized broccoli was mixed with 80 mL of deionized water and heated at 70 ̊C for 20 min. | Polyphenols and flavonoids | Osuntokun et al. (2019) |
| Pinwheel flower | Tabernaemontana divaricata | 60 mL of leaf extract was heated to 80 ̊C and kept stirring, and 6 g of zinc nitrate was added to this solution at 80 ̊C. This mixture was boiled until a yellow-colored paste was formed. | Carbohydrates, glycosides, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids, | Raja et al. (2018), Jain et al. (2010) |
| Hyacinth bean | Dolichos lablab L. | 20 g of leaves were weighed and heated in 100 ml of Milli-Q water at 70 °C for 30 min. The extract was allowed to cool and then filtered with Whatman No. 42 filter paper to produce greenish-yellow filtrate. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides | Kahsay et al. (2019) |
| Sea buckthorn | Hippophae rhamnoides | 5 g of fruit mixed with 100 mL of water. Powdered fruit was treated using a high-pressure autoclave at 100 °C for 1 h. Autoclaved extracts were filtered using Whatman No. 1, 110 mm filter paper. | Rupa et al. (2019) | |
| Hemp | Cannabis sativa | 10 g of shade-dried leaves were crushed and added to 100 ml of deionized water in a 250 ml conical flask. The hot water bath was set at 60 °C for 12 h. | Chauhan et al. (2020) | |
| Pine spurge | Euphorbia prolifera | 50 g of dried leaves powdered was added to 250 mL double-distilled water in a 500 mL flask and mixed. The preparation of extract was using a magnetic heating stirrer at 70 °C for 30 min. | Phenols | Momeni et al. (2016) |
| Piper betel | Betel | Water was added to the leaf extract in the 1:3 ratio and boiled at 800 °C for 45 min. The solution is cooled at room temperature for 6 h. Zinc acetate was taken (0.1 M) and added to the water. | Alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compound, flavonoid, steroids glycosides, terpenes, anthraquinones | Rajesh et al. (2016) |
| Basil | Ocimum basilicum | Leaves of the plant were extracted with ethanol by maceration. | Rosmarinic acid, flavionoids | Fathiazad et al. (2012) |
| Roselle | Hibiscus sabdariffa | An aqueous solution of flowers is prepared and left to stir for 2 h. The mashes were placed in a water bath at 60 °C for 1 h and filtered with Whatman No. 4 filters. | Phenolic, flavonoids | Soto-Robles et al. (2019) |
| Chinaberry | Melia azedarach | 20 g of leaves in 125 mL of DDW subjected to Soxhlet extraction for 72 h and then filtered. | Terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Baikal skullcap | Scutellaria baicalensis | 5 ml of plant extract mixed with 95 ml of distilled water make up to 100 ml water. This combination was mixed with zinc nitrate heated to 75 °C for 1.5 h. | Chen et al. (2019) | |
| Jujube | Ziziphus jujuba | 100 ml jujube extract was drop-wisely added to 25 mL Zn(NO3)2.6H2O aqueous solution of 0.05 M, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 30 min. | Triterpenic acids, cerebrosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, polysaccharides | Golmohammadi et al. (2020) |
| Red powder puff | Calliandra haematocephala | Air-dried leaves were mixed with water in a 1:20 weight proportion and were heated in a dry-bath at 80 °C for 15 min, to yield a thin pale-yellow soup of the leaf extract | Caffeic acid and myricitrin | Vinayagam et al. (2020) |
| Desert horsepurslane | Trianthema portulacastrum | 10 ml of leaf extract was mixed with 25 mL of ZnSO4 in a 150 mL beaker at 25 °C. | Khan et al. (2019) | |
| Star fruit | Averrhoe carrambola | 0.5 M zinc nitrate solution was prepared with 50 mL distilled water. The plant extract was added to zinc nitrate in a ratio of 9:1 under continuous stirring. | Oxalic acid | Chakraborty et al. (2020) |
| Teak | Tectona grandis | 20 g of leaves were collected, weighed, washed under tap water. Collected leaves were cut into fine fragments and placed into a round-bottomed flask with 100 ml of double deionized water. The whole reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C for 1 h and filtrate was obtained employing Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, and tannins | Raizada et al. (2019) |
| Chinese sweet-plum | Sageretia thea | The aqueous solution of leaves mixed with a zinc nitrate solution. | Talha Khalil et al. (2019) | |
| Rambutan | Nephelium lappaceum L. | Fresh peels were washed, dried at 50 °C in the oven, then 3 g in 40 mL DDW:20 mL EtOH solvent was heated at 80 °C for 10 min and then filtered. | Polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins (EtOH extract) | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Golden shower | Cassia fistula | 1:10 proportion of the coarsely powdered plant material to water was taken in a round-bottomed flask, and the extraction was carried out at 100 °C with are flux arrangement for 5 h with constant stirring. The extract was filtered and centrifuged. | Polyphenols (11%) and flavonoids (12.5%) | Suresh et al. (2015) |
| Jackfruit | Artocarpus heterophyllus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate was added to the leaf extract and heated for about an hour to get a thick dark brown-colored liquid. | Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and saponins | Vidya et al. (2016) |
| Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fresh tomatoes were washed, squeezed to get juice, dissolved in DDW by stirring at 30 °C for 30 min and then filtered. | Flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, alkaloids | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale | Powdered leaves in 100 mL of DW was separately boiled at 60 °C for 1 h while stirring and then filtered. | Terpenoids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, proteins | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Garlic | Allium sativum | Fresh and finely sliced bulbs were boiled at 70–80 °C for 20 min and then filtered. | Flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins (B1, B2, B6, etc.) | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Flax | Linum Usitatissimum | 50 mL of distilled water has been added to 1 g of seeds and prepared mixture stirred for 2 h at 60 °C. The extract is filtered. | Alkasir et al. (2020) | |
| Alpine almond | Hydnocarpus alpina | 10 g of powder was taken to extract with an ethanol-water mixture (60:40) and ethanol (95%) separately. | Ganesh et al. (2019) | |
| Onion | Allium cepa | 5 g of dry brown outer onion peel were washed with tap water, followed by rinsing with distilled water and soaked in 50 mL of double-distilled water. The solution was boiled at 70 °C for 15 min. The peel broth was filtered through Whatman No. 1 paper. | Phenolic compounds, proteins, and amino acids | Rajkumar et al. (2019) |
| Parsley | Petroselinum crispum | 20 g of fresh leaves of parsley were extracted in100 mL ultrapure water by refluxing for 60 min. | Vitamins (beta-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins C and E), fatty acids, volatile oils | Stan et al. (2015) |
| Loquat | Eriobotrya japonica | 25 g of the seed powder was mixed with 100 mL deionized water. The mixture was then stirred on a magnetic hotplate stirrer at 40 °C for 60 min. Then, the supernatant was collected by Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Phenolics, alcohols, sugars, and proteins | Shabaani et al. (2020) |
| Malabar cardamom | Amomum longiligulare | 25 mg of powder were diluted in 100 ml of distilled water, and the suspension was autoclaved for 30 min at 100 °C to obtain an aqueous solution of extract. The extracts were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min and filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Essential oil | Liu et al. (2020) |
| Saffron | Crocus sativus | 5 g of leaf powder was dissolved in 100 mL deionized water, blended for 60 min at 70 °C, and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 20 min. Then, the supernatant was collected by Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | flavones, polyphenols, and terpenoids | Rahaiee et al. (2020) |
| Golden apple | Aegle marmelos | 2.974 g of Zn (NO3)2·6H2O was added to 10 ml of the as-prepared juice taken in silica crucibles and dissolved to get homogenous solutions. | Anupama et al. (2018) | |
| Guava | Psidium guajava | 1 M zinc acetate precursor to 100 ml leaf extract | β-Carotene and meochrome | Saha et al. (2018) |
| Common name . | Scientific name . | Extraction method . | Phytochemicals . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red fruit passion flower | Passiflora foetida | 25 g of peel powder with 200 mL water in a beaker and stirred for 30 min at 70 °C. The solution is passed through Whatman filter paper no. 42 and centrifuged at 7,000 rpm. | Saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids | Khan et al. (2021), Siriwardhene (2013) |
| Date palm | Phoenix dactylifera | Syrup washed to eliminate dirt room dried for 36 h, powdered and sieved through 100 mesh. | Quinones, organic acids, and flavones | Rambabu et al. (2021) |
| Miracle grass | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | 5 g of dry plant powder was added to a conical flask with 100 mL distilled water. Then it was autoclaved for 40 min at 100 °C with high pressure. The autoclaved extract was filtered with Whatman No. 1 filter paper and centrifuged at 4,500 rpm at room temperature for 15 min to eliminate undesired components. | Flavonoid, quercetin, alkaloids, rutin | Park et al. (2021) |
| Bush plum | Carissa edulis | 10 mg of extract in 20 mL of water mixed with 80 mL of 1 mM of zinc nitrate to synthesis ZnO NPs. | Alkaloids, sterols, resin | Fowsiya et al. (2016) |
| Thick-leaf lavender | Anisochilus carnosus | Leaves extract allowed to boil using a stirrer heater. Then, 5 g of zinc nitrate was added to the above solution as the temperature reached 60 °C. This mixture was further boiled until its color changed into a dark yellow. | Polyphenols, carboxylic acid, polysaccharides, amino acids, and proteins | Anbuvannan et al. (2015) |
| Redbush tea | Aspalathus linearis | The natural extract was used to reduce zinc-based salts including ZnNO3, and ZnCl2, as well as Zn-ammonium hydrate-based precursors. | Flavones, flavanones and flavonols | Diallo et al. (2015) |
| Indian borage | Plectranthus amboinicus | 0.1 M zinc nitrate solution was prepared with 30 ml water. Then 10 ml P. amboinicus leaf extract was added to the above solution and kept under continuous stirring at 80 °C for 4 h. | Saponins, polyuronides (pectins, mucilage, gums), tannins (gallic), reducing compounds, flavonoids | Fu & Fu (2015) |
| Maakada singi | Caralluma fimbriata | 1 mol% leaves extract, and an aqueous mixture of zinc nitrate was added to gadolinium nitrate solution with constant stirring to ensure uniform mixing. The Petri dish containing the redox mixture was placed into a muffle furnace maintained at 350 ± 10 °C. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, sterols, saponins, oils and fats, tannins, phenolic compounds, proteins and amino acids, gums and mucilage | Mishra et al. (2016), Packialakshmi & Naziya (2014) |
| Autumn joy | Sedum alfredii | 30 g of Shoots of S. alfredii were mixed in 95% ethanol solution at 70 °C for 120 min after particles adhering to the surfaces of the shoots had been removed with water. The mixtures were filtered 3 times with filter paper. The residues and filtrates were collected, respectively. NaOH (10%) was added to the filtrates to adjust the pH values to 11. | Chlorophyllin | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Pecan | Carya illinoinensis | 10 g of leaves are cut into pieces, ground into a paste, and soaked in 100 mL of deionized water in a 250 mL glass beaker. The solution was heated at 70 °C for 30 min using a magnetic stirrer until the color of the solution changed. The aqueous leaf extract was left to cool down at room temperature, filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper, and centrifuged at 7,000 rpm for 30 min. | Total phenolics (TP), condensed tannin (CT) | Ahmad et al. (2021), Villarreal-Lozoya et al. (2007) |
| Olive | Olea europaea | 10 g of O. europaea leaves were mixed with 100 ml of deionized water. The mixture was heated at 60 °C for 30 min using a stirrer heater. The resulting product was filtered. | Terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids | Hashemi et al. (2016) |
| Thyme | Thymus vulgaris | 6 g in 100 mL distilled water (DW), heating at 80 °C for 1 h, and then filtered. | Thymol, carvacrol | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Moringa | Moringa oleifera | 5 g of leaves were washed thoroughly with distilled water, and the surfaces of leaves were sterilized using alcohol. These leaves were heated for 40 min in 100 ml of distilled water at 50⁰ C. Then, the extract was filtered with Whatman No. 41 filter paper. | Alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, volatile oils, and hydrolyzable tannins. | Pal et al. (2018), Dahiru et al. (2006) |
| Aloe vera | Aloe barbadensis miller | Small pieces of peel were cut and grounded with pestle mortar in distilled water to make an aqueous solution of peel extract. The aqueous solution was filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 1 to remove debris. | Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Okra | Abelmoschus | 10 mL of leaves mixed in 0.01 mol zinc acetate dihydrate was hydrolyzed with the 0.01 mol sodium hydroxide with the leaf extract, pH is adjusted to the basic at 9–11, then cool at room temperature. Centrifuge at 7,000 rpm for 10 min. | Steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavones, lignins | Mirgane et al. (2020), Chaudhary et al.(2019) |
| Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus globulus | 20 g of leaf powder was added to 100 ml of deionized water and kept for boiling at 80 ⁰ C for about 1 h. The formed precipitate was filtered, and obtained supernatant was stored at 4 °C. | Cuminic aldehyde | Siripireddy & Mandal (2017) |
| Neem | Azadirachta indica | 25 g of fresh leaves in 100 mL of double-distilled water (DDW), heating while stirring at 60 °C for 20′ and then filtered. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Coriander | Coriandrum sativum | 10 g Coriander leaf powder was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and stirred at 100 °C for 15 min. The solution was then filtered with a 1.5-micron Whatman filter paper No. 1. | Flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenol | Singh et al. (2019) |
| Oak | QuercusL. | 20 g of fruit was added in 100 mL of distilled water and boiled for 5 min. after boiling, the color of the aqueous solution was dark brown, and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. | Steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavones, lignins | Sorbiun et al. (2018) |
| Mangosteen | Garcinia mangostana | 8 g of fruit pericarps in 100 mL water, heated at 70–80 °C for 20 min and then filtered. | Phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Dhobi tree | Mussaenda frondosa | Plant extract and distilled water in the ratio (1:10) were taken in a round-bottomed flask, and the extraction was carried out at 100 °C under reflux for 4 h. The extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and centrifuged to remove any undissolved debris | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides | Jayappa et al. (2020), Pappachen & Sreelakshmi (2017) |
| Dane wort | Sambucus ebulus | 2 mL of extract mixed with a solution for 2 h at 80 °C; the suspension was centrifuged for 15 min, and the precipitate was dried at 60 °C. | Acetic acid, pentatonic acid, lignocaine, isovaleric acid | Alamdari et al.(2020) |
| Simple leaf chaste tree | Vitex trifolia | 40 g leaves were boiled with 200 ml of double-distilled water for 40 min at 60⁰ C. Mild yellow-colored solution is formed, once cooled at room temperature it was filtered with filter paper (Whatman No. 1). | Alkaloids, saponins, tannin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids | Elumalai et al. (2015) |
| Broccoli | Brassica oleracea L. var. italica | 8 g of the dried broccoli was weighed out, washed with double deionized water to eliminate superficial impurities. The pulverized broccoli was mixed with 80 mL of deionized water and heated at 70 ̊C for 20 min. | Polyphenols and flavonoids | Osuntokun et al. (2019) |
| Pinwheel flower | Tabernaemontana divaricata | 60 mL of leaf extract was heated to 80 ̊C and kept stirring, and 6 g of zinc nitrate was added to this solution at 80 ̊C. This mixture was boiled until a yellow-colored paste was formed. | Carbohydrates, glycosides, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids, | Raja et al. (2018), Jain et al. (2010) |
| Hyacinth bean | Dolichos lablab L. | 20 g of leaves were weighed and heated in 100 ml of Milli-Q water at 70 °C for 30 min. The extract was allowed to cool and then filtered with Whatman No. 42 filter paper to produce greenish-yellow filtrate. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides | Kahsay et al. (2019) |
| Sea buckthorn | Hippophae rhamnoides | 5 g of fruit mixed with 100 mL of water. Powdered fruit was treated using a high-pressure autoclave at 100 °C for 1 h. Autoclaved extracts were filtered using Whatman No. 1, 110 mm filter paper. | Rupa et al. (2019) | |
| Hemp | Cannabis sativa | 10 g of shade-dried leaves were crushed and added to 100 ml of deionized water in a 250 ml conical flask. The hot water bath was set at 60 °C for 12 h. | Chauhan et al. (2020) | |
| Pine spurge | Euphorbia prolifera | 50 g of dried leaves powdered was added to 250 mL double-distilled water in a 500 mL flask and mixed. The preparation of extract was using a magnetic heating stirrer at 70 °C for 30 min. | Phenols | Momeni et al. (2016) |
| Piper betel | Betel | Water was added to the leaf extract in the 1:3 ratio and boiled at 800 °C for 45 min. The solution is cooled at room temperature for 6 h. Zinc acetate was taken (0.1 M) and added to the water. | Alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compound, flavonoid, steroids glycosides, terpenes, anthraquinones | Rajesh et al. (2016) |
| Basil | Ocimum basilicum | Leaves of the plant were extracted with ethanol by maceration. | Rosmarinic acid, flavionoids | Fathiazad et al. (2012) |
| Roselle | Hibiscus sabdariffa | An aqueous solution of flowers is prepared and left to stir for 2 h. The mashes were placed in a water bath at 60 °C for 1 h and filtered with Whatman No. 4 filters. | Phenolic, flavonoids | Soto-Robles et al. (2019) |
| Chinaberry | Melia azedarach | 20 g of leaves in 125 mL of DDW subjected to Soxhlet extraction for 72 h and then filtered. | Terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Baikal skullcap | Scutellaria baicalensis | 5 ml of plant extract mixed with 95 ml of distilled water make up to 100 ml water. This combination was mixed with zinc nitrate heated to 75 °C for 1.5 h. | Chen et al. (2019) | |
| Jujube | Ziziphus jujuba | 100 ml jujube extract was drop-wisely added to 25 mL Zn(NO3)2.6H2O aqueous solution of 0.05 M, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 30 min. | Triterpenic acids, cerebrosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, polysaccharides | Golmohammadi et al. (2020) |
| Red powder puff | Calliandra haematocephala | Air-dried leaves were mixed with water in a 1:20 weight proportion and were heated in a dry-bath at 80 °C for 15 min, to yield a thin pale-yellow soup of the leaf extract | Caffeic acid and myricitrin | Vinayagam et al. (2020) |
| Desert horsepurslane | Trianthema portulacastrum | 10 ml of leaf extract was mixed with 25 mL of ZnSO4 in a 150 mL beaker at 25 °C. | Khan et al. (2019) | |
| Star fruit | Averrhoe carrambola | 0.5 M zinc nitrate solution was prepared with 50 mL distilled water. The plant extract was added to zinc nitrate in a ratio of 9:1 under continuous stirring. | Oxalic acid | Chakraborty et al. (2020) |
| Teak | Tectona grandis | 20 g of leaves were collected, weighed, washed under tap water. Collected leaves were cut into fine fragments and placed into a round-bottomed flask with 100 ml of double deionized water. The whole reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C for 1 h and filtrate was obtained employing Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, and tannins | Raizada et al. (2019) |
| Chinese sweet-plum | Sageretia thea | The aqueous solution of leaves mixed with a zinc nitrate solution. | Talha Khalil et al. (2019) | |
| Rambutan | Nephelium lappaceum L. | Fresh peels were washed, dried at 50 °C in the oven, then 3 g in 40 mL DDW:20 mL EtOH solvent was heated at 80 °C for 10 min and then filtered. | Polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins (EtOH extract) | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Golden shower | Cassia fistula | 1:10 proportion of the coarsely powdered plant material to water was taken in a round-bottomed flask, and the extraction was carried out at 100 °C with are flux arrangement for 5 h with constant stirring. The extract was filtered and centrifuged. | Polyphenols (11%) and flavonoids (12.5%) | Suresh et al. (2015) |
| Jackfruit | Artocarpus heterophyllus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate was added to the leaf extract and heated for about an hour to get a thick dark brown-colored liquid. | Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and saponins | Vidya et al. (2016) |
| Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fresh tomatoes were washed, squeezed to get juice, dissolved in DDW by stirring at 30 °C for 30 min and then filtered. | Flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, alkaloids | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale | Powdered leaves in 100 mL of DW was separately boiled at 60 °C for 1 h while stirring and then filtered. | Terpenoids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, proteins | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Garlic | Allium sativum | Fresh and finely sliced bulbs were boiled at 70–80 °C for 20 min and then filtered. | Flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins (B1, B2, B6, etc.) | Weldegebrieal (2020) |
| Flax | Linum Usitatissimum | 50 mL of distilled water has been added to 1 g of seeds and prepared mixture stirred for 2 h at 60 °C. The extract is filtered. | Alkasir et al. (2020) | |
| Alpine almond | Hydnocarpus alpina | 10 g of powder was taken to extract with an ethanol-water mixture (60:40) and ethanol (95%) separately. | Ganesh et al. (2019) | |
| Onion | Allium cepa | 5 g of dry brown outer onion peel were washed with tap water, followed by rinsing with distilled water and soaked in 50 mL of double-distilled water. The solution was boiled at 70 °C for 15 min. The peel broth was filtered through Whatman No. 1 paper. | Phenolic compounds, proteins, and amino acids | Rajkumar et al. (2019) |
| Parsley | Petroselinum crispum | 20 g of fresh leaves of parsley were extracted in100 mL ultrapure water by refluxing for 60 min. | Vitamins (beta-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins C and E), fatty acids, volatile oils | Stan et al. (2015) |
| Loquat | Eriobotrya japonica | 25 g of the seed powder was mixed with 100 mL deionized water. The mixture was then stirred on a magnetic hotplate stirrer at 40 °C for 60 min. Then, the supernatant was collected by Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Phenolics, alcohols, sugars, and proteins | Shabaani et al. (2020) |
| Malabar cardamom | Amomum longiligulare | 25 mg of powder were diluted in 100 ml of distilled water, and the suspension was autoclaved for 30 min at 100 °C to obtain an aqueous solution of extract. The extracts were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min and filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Essential oil | Liu et al. (2020) |
| Saffron | Crocus sativus | 5 g of leaf powder was dissolved in 100 mL deionized water, blended for 60 min at 70 °C, and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 20 min. Then, the supernatant was collected by Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | flavones, polyphenols, and terpenoids | Rahaiee et al. (2020) |
| Golden apple | Aegle marmelos | 2.974 g of Zn (NO3)2·6H2O was added to 10 ml of the as-prepared juice taken in silica crucibles and dissolved to get homogenous solutions. | Anupama et al. (2018) | |
| Guava | Psidium guajava | 1 M zinc acetate precursor to 100 ml leaf extract | β-Carotene and meochrome | Saha et al. (2018) |