Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle from microorganisms
| Microorganism species . | Genus . | Extraction method . | Nanoparticle shape . | Nanoparticle size . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algae | |||||
| Sargassum muticum | Sargassum | Dried algae powder (2 g) was mixed with 100 ml distilled water, heated to 100 °C, and filtered through Whatman No. 41 filter paper. | Hexagonal structures | 42 nm | Azizi et al. (2014) |
| Cladophora glomerata | Cladophora | Algae samples were washed with distilled water to remove the adhering particles. They were dried in the shaded place. The dried algae were powdered. | Irregular shapes | 14.39 nm to 37.85 nm | Abdulwahid et al. (2019) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Chlamydomonas | 25 mL of algal extract was made up to 100 mL using deionized water; zinc acetate dehydrate was added to obtain a final concentration of 1 mM. | Nanoflowers | 40 nm | Parthasarathy & Narayanan (2014) |
| Gracilaria edulis | Gracilaria | Fresh alga (10 g) was mixed in 50 mL of sterile distilled water and chopped into fine pieces of approximately 1 mm. The mixture was then boiled by microwave oven irradiation for 10 min. Then, the extract was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Nanorods | Priyadharshini et al. (2014) | |
| Bacteria | |||||
| Arthrospira platensis | Arthrospira | 0.44 g of zinc nitrate was dissolved in 2 mL of distilled H2O. The 98 mL of biomass filtrated was added to get a final concentration of 2 mM. The mixture was incubated for 24 h at 30 °C ±2 °C and 150 rpm shaking conditions. | Spheres | 30.0 to 55.0 nm | El-Belely et al. (2021) |
| Lactobacillus sporogenes | Bacillus | 10 mL of culture was doubled in volume by mixing an equal volume of sterile distilled water containing nutrients in five different hard glass test tubes. 20 mL of zinc chloride solution was added and heated on the steam bath up to 80 °C for 5 to 10 minutes. | Hexagonal structures | 11 nm | Prasad & Jha (2009) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas | The culture was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. The obtained supernatant was collected in the sterile separating funnel, acidified by 12 N HCl (pH 2.0) to precipitate, and incubated at 4 °C. | Spheres | 35 to 80 nm | Singh et al. (2014) |
| Bacillus haynesii | Bacillus | 100 mL of cell-free supernatant and 100 mL of zinc sulphate solution (1 mM) were taken, and the mixture was placed on a stirrer at room temperature for 24 h. | Rods | 50 ± 5 nm | Rehman et al. (2019) |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Bacillus | Zinc acetate dihydrate was dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water in a flask and heated at 60 °C for 15 min followed by the addition of (0.6 M) sodium bicarbonate. Wet bacterial biomass (5 g) was then added to the mixture. The above solution was incubated under continuous stirring (200 rpm) for 48 h at 37 ± 1 °C. | Nano flower | 300 nm | Tripathi et al. (2014) |
| Halomonas elongata | Halomonas | Taguchi method to obtain optimum conditions in zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) biosynthesis by Halomonas elongata IBRC-M 10214. | Spheres | 18.11 ± 8.93 nm | Taran et al. (2018) |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | Aeromonas | The diluted culture solution was again allowed to grow for another 24 h. 20 mL of 0.1 g ZnO were added to the culture solution, and it was kept under shaking incubator at 120 rpm at 30 °C for 24 h until white deposition starts to appear at the bottom of the flask, indicating the initiation of transformation. | Spheres | 57.72 nm | Jayaseelan et al. (2012) |
| Bacillus sp. | Bacillus | The bacteria are mixed with alginate and used for experiments. | Beads | 2 mm | Cai et al. (2020) |
| Fungus | |||||
| Pichia kudriavzevii | Candida | Fungal mycelia were separated from the culture medium through centrifugation and sterile water to remove any components of the medium. 20 g of biomass was resuspended in 100 mL of sterile deionized Milli-Q water. | Hexagonal and irregular shapes | 10–61 nm | Moghaddam et al. (2017) |
| Periconium sp. | Periconia | 20 g of zinc nitrate was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water under constant stirring in a hot plate at 90 °C. 25 ml of fungal extract was added to the zinc nitrate solution, and the solution was evaporated to form a solution at pH 5, and it was kept as it is. The resultant sol was held in a hot air oven at 45 °C for 24 h. | hexagonal wurtzite | 40 nm | Ganesan et al. (2020) |
| Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Phanerochaete | Fungal culture was inoculated in malt extract broth (150 ml) and incubated for 5–7 days, then filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and added to zinc sulphate solution, followed by drop-wise addition of sodium hydroxide until the appearance of white suspended nanoparticles and again it was incubated for 24 h at 27 °C. | 50 nm | Sharma et al. (2020) | |
| Aspergillus terreus | Aspergillus | Fungal strains were taken to separate and purify the synthesized. The ultra-centrifugation collected NPs at 20,000 rpm (20 min), washed in deionized water with ethanol, and dried at 50 °C. | Spheres with irregular margins | 30.45 nm | Mousa et al. (2021) |
| Cochliobolus geniculatus | Cochliobolus | 10 g of fungal biomass was transferred to 100 ml of sterile ultrapure water and incubated for 72 h. The mycelial free filtrate was obtained by separating fungal mycelial biomass by centrifugation and combined with 1 mM of zinc acetate and maintained at 28 ± 1 °C for 72 h in an incubator shaker. | Spheres | 2–6 nm | Kadam et al. (2019) |
| Marine yeast | The cultured broth was collected after incubation and centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was added with 1 mm of ZnO. | Round | 86.27 nm | Aswathy et al. (2017) | |
| Trichoderma harzianum | Trichoderma | 50 ml of aqueous culture in flasks by stirring with zinc nitrate was added in culture to make a final concentration of 1–2 mM solution. The reaction was carried out in dark conditions at 45 °C, stirring vigorously. | Spheres | 87.5 nm | Consolo et al. (2020) |
| Penicillium chrysogenum | Penicillium | Fungal culture was grown up in a 100 mL fermentative broth medium for 7 days at pH 6.0, 30 °C, and shaking at 150 rpm, separated by Whatman filter paper No. 1. | Hexagonal and spherical structures | 9.0–35.0 nm | Mohamed et al. (2020) |
| Microorganism species . | Genus . | Extraction method . | Nanoparticle shape . | Nanoparticle size . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algae | |||||
| Sargassum muticum | Sargassum | Dried algae powder (2 g) was mixed with 100 ml distilled water, heated to 100 °C, and filtered through Whatman No. 41 filter paper. | Hexagonal structures | 42 nm | Azizi et al. (2014) |
| Cladophora glomerata | Cladophora | Algae samples were washed with distilled water to remove the adhering particles. They were dried in the shaded place. The dried algae were powdered. | Irregular shapes | 14.39 nm to 37.85 nm | Abdulwahid et al. (2019) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Chlamydomonas | 25 mL of algal extract was made up to 100 mL using deionized water; zinc acetate dehydrate was added to obtain a final concentration of 1 mM. | Nanoflowers | 40 nm | Parthasarathy & Narayanan (2014) |
| Gracilaria edulis | Gracilaria | Fresh alga (10 g) was mixed in 50 mL of sterile distilled water and chopped into fine pieces of approximately 1 mm. The mixture was then boiled by microwave oven irradiation for 10 min. Then, the extract was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. | Nanorods | Priyadharshini et al. (2014) | |
| Bacteria | |||||
| Arthrospira platensis | Arthrospira | 0.44 g of zinc nitrate was dissolved in 2 mL of distilled H2O. The 98 mL of biomass filtrated was added to get a final concentration of 2 mM. The mixture was incubated for 24 h at 30 °C ±2 °C and 150 rpm shaking conditions. | Spheres | 30.0 to 55.0 nm | El-Belely et al. (2021) |
| Lactobacillus sporogenes | Bacillus | 10 mL of culture was doubled in volume by mixing an equal volume of sterile distilled water containing nutrients in five different hard glass test tubes. 20 mL of zinc chloride solution was added and heated on the steam bath up to 80 °C for 5 to 10 minutes. | Hexagonal structures | 11 nm | Prasad & Jha (2009) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas | The culture was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. The obtained supernatant was collected in the sterile separating funnel, acidified by 12 N HCl (pH 2.0) to precipitate, and incubated at 4 °C. | Spheres | 35 to 80 nm | Singh et al. (2014) |
| Bacillus haynesii | Bacillus | 100 mL of cell-free supernatant and 100 mL of zinc sulphate solution (1 mM) were taken, and the mixture was placed on a stirrer at room temperature for 24 h. | Rods | 50 ± 5 nm | Rehman et al. (2019) |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Bacillus | Zinc acetate dihydrate was dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water in a flask and heated at 60 °C for 15 min followed by the addition of (0.6 M) sodium bicarbonate. Wet bacterial biomass (5 g) was then added to the mixture. The above solution was incubated under continuous stirring (200 rpm) for 48 h at 37 ± 1 °C. | Nano flower | 300 nm | Tripathi et al. (2014) |
| Halomonas elongata | Halomonas | Taguchi method to obtain optimum conditions in zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) biosynthesis by Halomonas elongata IBRC-M 10214. | Spheres | 18.11 ± 8.93 nm | Taran et al. (2018) |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | Aeromonas | The diluted culture solution was again allowed to grow for another 24 h. 20 mL of 0.1 g ZnO were added to the culture solution, and it was kept under shaking incubator at 120 rpm at 30 °C for 24 h until white deposition starts to appear at the bottom of the flask, indicating the initiation of transformation. | Spheres | 57.72 nm | Jayaseelan et al. (2012) |
| Bacillus sp. | Bacillus | The bacteria are mixed with alginate and used for experiments. | Beads | 2 mm | Cai et al. (2020) |
| Fungus | |||||
| Pichia kudriavzevii | Candida | Fungal mycelia were separated from the culture medium through centrifugation and sterile water to remove any components of the medium. 20 g of biomass was resuspended in 100 mL of sterile deionized Milli-Q water. | Hexagonal and irregular shapes | 10–61 nm | Moghaddam et al. (2017) |
| Periconium sp. | Periconia | 20 g of zinc nitrate was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water under constant stirring in a hot plate at 90 °C. 25 ml of fungal extract was added to the zinc nitrate solution, and the solution was evaporated to form a solution at pH 5, and it was kept as it is. The resultant sol was held in a hot air oven at 45 °C for 24 h. | hexagonal wurtzite | 40 nm | Ganesan et al. (2020) |
| Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Phanerochaete | Fungal culture was inoculated in malt extract broth (150 ml) and incubated for 5–7 days, then filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and added to zinc sulphate solution, followed by drop-wise addition of sodium hydroxide until the appearance of white suspended nanoparticles and again it was incubated for 24 h at 27 °C. | 50 nm | Sharma et al. (2020) | |
| Aspergillus terreus | Aspergillus | Fungal strains were taken to separate and purify the synthesized. The ultra-centrifugation collected NPs at 20,000 rpm (20 min), washed in deionized water with ethanol, and dried at 50 °C. | Spheres with irregular margins | 30.45 nm | Mousa et al. (2021) |
| Cochliobolus geniculatus | Cochliobolus | 10 g of fungal biomass was transferred to 100 ml of sterile ultrapure water and incubated for 72 h. The mycelial free filtrate was obtained by separating fungal mycelial biomass by centrifugation and combined with 1 mM of zinc acetate and maintained at 28 ± 1 °C for 72 h in an incubator shaker. | Spheres | 2–6 nm | Kadam et al. (2019) |
| Marine yeast | The cultured broth was collected after incubation and centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was added with 1 mm of ZnO. | Round | 86.27 nm | Aswathy et al. (2017) | |
| Trichoderma harzianum | Trichoderma | 50 ml of aqueous culture in flasks by stirring with zinc nitrate was added in culture to make a final concentration of 1–2 mM solution. The reaction was carried out in dark conditions at 45 °C, stirring vigorously. | Spheres | 87.5 nm | Consolo et al. (2020) |
| Penicillium chrysogenum | Penicillium | Fungal culture was grown up in a 100 mL fermentative broth medium for 7 days at pH 6.0, 30 °C, and shaking at 150 rpm, separated by Whatman filter paper No. 1. | Hexagonal and spherical structures | 9.0–35.0 nm | Mohamed et al. (2020) |