Table 1

PFAS and their structures which have been detected in municipal and industrial WWTP influents and effluents

ClassCompoundAbbreviationChemical formulaMolecular weight (g/mol)pKaConcentration rangeIdentified sourceReference
Perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) Perfluorohexanoate PFHxA F(CF2)5CO2 314.05 −0.16 165–847 ng/L Industrial influent Kim et al. (2021), Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluoroheptanoate PFHpA F(CF2)6CO2− 364.06 −2.29 662–1,143 ng/L Industrial effluent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluorooctanoate PFOA F(CF2)7CO2− 414.07 −0.5 to 4.2 103–443 ng/L Municipal effluent Chen et al. (2016c)  
Perfluorononanoate PFNA F(CF2)8CO2− 464.08 0 0.05–4.9 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017)  
Perfluorodecanoate PFDA F(CF2)9CO2− 514.08 −5.2 0.1–8.3 ng/L Municipal effluent Dauchy et al. (2017)  
Perfluorotridecanoate PFTrDA F(CF2)12CO2− 664.11 0.52 15.2 ng/L Industrial effluent Kim et. al. (2021)  
Perfluoroundecanoate PFUnDA F(CF2)10CO2− 564.09 −5.2 0.031–<2 μg/L Industrial effluent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluorododecanoate PFDoA F(CF2)11CO2− 614.10 0.52 0.039–<2 μg/L Industrial effluent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluoropentadecanoate PFPA F(CF2)14CO2− 764.12 n/a 8.8–20 ng/L Municipal influent Houtz et al. (2016)  
Perfluorohexadecanoate PFHxDA F(CF2)15CO2− 814.13 0.52 <MLQ −22.8 ng/L Municipal effluent Sinclair & Kannan (2006)  
Perfluorobutanoate PFBA F(CF2)3CO2− 214.04 n/a 15–23 ng/L Municipal effluent Houtz et al. (2016)  
Perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs) Perfluorobutane sulfonate PFBS F(CF2)4SO3− 300.10 −3.31 1.29–195 ng/L Municipal influent Pan et al. (2016)  
Perfluorohexane sulfonate PFHxS F(CF2)6SO3− 399.11 −3.45 2.6–15 ng/L Municipal influent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluorooctane sulfonate PFOS F(CF2)8SO3− 500.13 <1 <0.44–461.7 Municipal effluent Chen et al. (2012), Gallen et al. (2018), Pan et al. (2016)  
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH F(CF2)6CH2CH2OH 364.10 >7 0.89–12.29 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2013)  
8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol 8:2 FTOH F(CF2)8CH2CH2OH 464.12 >7 0.144–10.3 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2013)  
10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol 10:2 FTOH F(CF2)10CH2CH2OH 526.14 >7 0.07–1.1 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2013)  
Fluorotelomer carboxylates (FTCAs) 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylate 6:2 FTCA F(CF2)6CH2CO2− 358.08 n/a 8.62 μg/L Municipal effluent Gremmel et al. (2017)  
Fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs) 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate 6:2 FTS F(CF2)6CH2CH2SO3− 428.17 n/a 242.5 μg/L Industrial influent Gomez-Ruiz et al. (2017a)  
8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate 8:2 FTS F(CF2)8CH2CH2SO3− 528.18 n/a 874 ng/L Industrial influent Gomez-Ruiz et al. (2017a)  
Fluorotelomer sulfonamidealkylbetaine (FTABs) 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidealkylbetaine 6:2 FTAB C6F13C2H4SO2 − NHC3H6N+(CH3)2CH2COO− 556.14 n/a 45.5 mg/L Industrial influent Dauchy et al. (2017)  
Fluorotelomer iodides (FTIs) 6:2 fluorotelomer iodide 6:2 FTI F(CF2)6CH2CH2I 473.90 n/a 0.74–3.5 μg/L Industrial effluent Bach et al. (2016)  
Perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid NEtFOSAA C8F17SO2N(C2H5) CH2CO2H 585.20 n/a 4.3–5.9 ng/L Municipal influent Boulanger et al. (2005)  
Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonates 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F53-B) 6:2 Cl-PFAES C8F16ClO(SO3K) 570.6 n/a 10–50 ng/L Industrial effluent Ruan et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2013a)  
Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids with one ether group (mono-ether PFECAs) Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) HFPO-DA (GenX) C6F11O3H 330.2 n/a Total PFAS concentration of 40,000 ng/L Industrial influent Hopkins et al. (2018)  
Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid PFMOAA C3HF5O3 180.0 n/a 
Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids with multiple ether group (multi-ether PFECAs) Acetic acid, 2-[difluoro(trifluoromethoxy)methoxy]-2,2-difluoro- PFO2HxA C4HF7O4 246.0 n/a 
perfluoro-3,5,7-trioxaoctanoic acid PFO3OA C5HF9O5 312.0 n/a 
2-[[[difluoro(trifluoromethoxy)methoxy]-difluoromethoxy]-difluoromethoxy]-2,2-difluoroacetic acid PFO4DA C6HF11O6 378.1 n/a 
ClassCompoundAbbreviationChemical formulaMolecular weight (g/mol)pKaConcentration rangeIdentified sourceReference
Perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) Perfluorohexanoate PFHxA F(CF2)5CO2 314.05 −0.16 165–847 ng/L Industrial influent Kim et al. (2021), Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluoroheptanoate PFHpA F(CF2)6CO2− 364.06 −2.29 662–1,143 ng/L Industrial effluent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluorooctanoate PFOA F(CF2)7CO2− 414.07 −0.5 to 4.2 103–443 ng/L Municipal effluent Chen et al. (2016c)  
Perfluorononanoate PFNA F(CF2)8CO2− 464.08 0 0.05–4.9 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017)  
Perfluorodecanoate PFDA F(CF2)9CO2− 514.08 −5.2 0.1–8.3 ng/L Municipal effluent Dauchy et al. (2017)  
Perfluorotridecanoate PFTrDA F(CF2)12CO2− 664.11 0.52 15.2 ng/L Industrial effluent Kim et. al. (2021)  
Perfluoroundecanoate PFUnDA F(CF2)10CO2− 564.09 −5.2 0.031–<2 μg/L Industrial effluent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluorododecanoate PFDoA F(CF2)11CO2− 614.10 0.52 0.039–<2 μg/L Industrial effluent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluoropentadecanoate PFPA F(CF2)14CO2− 764.12 n/a 8.8–20 ng/L Municipal influent Houtz et al. (2016)  
Perfluorohexadecanoate PFHxDA F(CF2)15CO2− 814.13 0.52 <MLQ −22.8 ng/L Municipal effluent Sinclair & Kannan (2006)  
Perfluorobutanoate PFBA F(CF2)3CO2− 214.04 n/a 15–23 ng/L Municipal effluent Houtz et al. (2016)  
Perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs) Perfluorobutane sulfonate PFBS F(CF2)4SO3− 300.10 −3.31 1.29–195 ng/L Municipal influent Pan et al. (2016)  
Perfluorohexane sulfonate PFHxS F(CF2)6SO3− 399.11 −3.45 2.6–15 ng/L Municipal influent Kunacheva et al. (2011)  
Perfluorooctane sulfonate PFOS F(CF2)8SO3− 500.13 <1 <0.44–461.7 Municipal effluent Chen et al. (2012), Gallen et al. (2018), Pan et al. (2016)  
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH F(CF2)6CH2CH2OH 364.10 >7 0.89–12.29 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2013)  
8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol 8:2 FTOH F(CF2)8CH2CH2OH 464.12 >7 0.144–10.3 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2013)  
10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol 10:2 FTOH F(CF2)10CH2CH2OH 526.14 >7 0.07–1.1 ng/L Municipal influent Dauchy et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2013)  
Fluorotelomer carboxylates (FTCAs) 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylate 6:2 FTCA F(CF2)6CH2CO2− 358.08 n/a 8.62 μg/L Municipal effluent Gremmel et al. (2017)  
Fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs) 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate 6:2 FTS F(CF2)6CH2CH2SO3− 428.17 n/a 242.5 μg/L Industrial influent Gomez-Ruiz et al. (2017a)  
8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate 8:2 FTS F(CF2)8CH2CH2SO3− 528.18 n/a 874 ng/L Industrial influent Gomez-Ruiz et al. (2017a)  
Fluorotelomer sulfonamidealkylbetaine (FTABs) 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidealkylbetaine 6:2 FTAB C6F13C2H4SO2 − NHC3H6N+(CH3)2CH2COO− 556.14 n/a 45.5 mg/L Industrial influent Dauchy et al. (2017)  
Fluorotelomer iodides (FTIs) 6:2 fluorotelomer iodide 6:2 FTI F(CF2)6CH2CH2I 473.90 n/a 0.74–3.5 μg/L Industrial effluent Bach et al. (2016)  
Perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid NEtFOSAA C8F17SO2N(C2H5) CH2CO2H 585.20 n/a 4.3–5.9 ng/L Municipal influent Boulanger et al. (2005)  
Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonates 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F53-B) 6:2 Cl-PFAES C8F16ClO(SO3K) 570.6 n/a 10–50 ng/L Industrial effluent Ruan et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2013a)  
Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids with one ether group (mono-ether PFECAs) Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) HFPO-DA (GenX) C6F11O3H 330.2 n/a Total PFAS concentration of 40,000 ng/L Industrial influent Hopkins et al. (2018)  
Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid PFMOAA C3HF5O3 180.0 n/a 
Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids with multiple ether group (multi-ether PFECAs) Acetic acid, 2-[difluoro(trifluoromethoxy)methoxy]-2,2-difluoro- PFO2HxA C4HF7O4 246.0 n/a 
perfluoro-3,5,7-trioxaoctanoic acid PFO3OA C5HF9O5 312.0 n/a 
2-[[[difluoro(trifluoromethoxy)methoxy]-difluoromethoxy]-difluoromethoxy]-2,2-difluoroacetic acid PFO4DA C6HF11O6 378.1 n/a 
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