List of CMIP6 models used in this study
| GCM . | Research Center . | Resolution . |
|---|---|---|
| ACCESS-CM2 | Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator | 1.88 × 1.25 |
| ACCESS-ESM1-5 | Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator | 1.88 × 1.25 |
| BCC-CSM2-MR | Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China | 1.12 × 1.11 |
| CanESM5 | Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada | 2.81 × 2.77 |
| CNRM-CM6-1 | National Center for Meteorological Research, France | 1.41 × 1.39 |
| CNRM-ESM2-1 | National Center for Meteorological Research, France | 1.41 × 1.39 |
| EC-Earth3 | EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) | 0.70 × 0.70 |
| FGOALS-g3 | LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China | 0.70 × 0.70 |
| GFDL-ESM4 | NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, USA | 1.25 × 1.00 |
| INM-CM4-8 | Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia | 2.00 × 1.50 |
| INM-CM5-0 | Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia | 2.00 × 1.50 |
| IPSL-CM6A-LR | The Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, France | 2.50 × 1.27 |
| MIROC6 | JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan), AORI (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies), and R-CCS (RIKEN Center for Computational Science), Japan | 1.41 × 1.39 |
| MIROC-ES2 L | JAMSTEC, AORI, NIES, and R-CCS, Japan | 2.81 × 2.77 |
| MPI-ESM1-2-LR | Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany | 1.88 × 1.85 |
| MRI-ESM2-0 | Meteorological Research Institute, Japan | 1.12 × 1.11 |
| NESM3 | Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China | 1.88 × 1.85 |
| NorESM2-LM | NorESM Climate Modeling Consortium consisting of CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research), MET-Norway (Norwegian Meteorological Institute), NERSC (Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen), NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), UiB (University of Bergen, Bergen), UiO (University of Oslo) and UNI (Uni Research), Norway | 2.50 × 1.89 |
| GCM . | Research Center . | Resolution . |
|---|---|---|
| ACCESS-CM2 | Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator | 1.88 × 1.25 |
| ACCESS-ESM1-5 | Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator | 1.88 × 1.25 |
| BCC-CSM2-MR | Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China | 1.12 × 1.11 |
| CanESM5 | Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada | 2.81 × 2.77 |
| CNRM-CM6-1 | National Center for Meteorological Research, France | 1.41 × 1.39 |
| CNRM-ESM2-1 | National Center for Meteorological Research, France | 1.41 × 1.39 |
| EC-Earth3 | EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) | 0.70 × 0.70 |
| FGOALS-g3 | LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China | 0.70 × 0.70 |
| GFDL-ESM4 | NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, USA | 1.25 × 1.00 |
| INM-CM4-8 | Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia | 2.00 × 1.50 |
| INM-CM5-0 | Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia | 2.00 × 1.50 |
| IPSL-CM6A-LR | The Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, France | 2.50 × 1.27 |
| MIROC6 | JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan), AORI (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies), and R-CCS (RIKEN Center for Computational Science), Japan | 1.41 × 1.39 |
| MIROC-ES2 L | JAMSTEC, AORI, NIES, and R-CCS, Japan | 2.81 × 2.77 |
| MPI-ESM1-2-LR | Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany | 1.88 × 1.85 |
| MRI-ESM2-0 | Meteorological Research Institute, Japan | 1.12 × 1.11 |
| NESM3 | Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China | 1.88 × 1.85 |
| NorESM2-LM | NorESM Climate Modeling Consortium consisting of CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research), MET-Norway (Norwegian Meteorological Institute), NERSC (Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen), NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), UiB (University of Bergen, Bergen), UiO (University of Oslo) and UNI (Uni Research), Norway | 2.50 × 1.89 |