Physicochemical quality for the borehole intake and point-of-use drinking water source
| Parameters . | Intake source (N = 7) . | Point-of-use source (N = 21) . | WHO guideline . | p-value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD . | Min–Max . | Mean ± SD . | Min–Max . | |||
| pH | 6.17 ± 0.11 | 5.98–6.28 | 6.14 ± 0.08 | 5.96–6.25 | 6.5–8.5 | 0.68 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.0 ± 7.0 | 29–43 | 35.7 ± 2.70 | 29–41 | 22–29 | 0.39 |
| E. Cond. (μS/cm) | 270.0 ± 185 | 81.3–555 | 281.8 ± 163.2 | 7.9–688 | 1,500 | 0.15 |
| Turbidity (NTU) | 1.80 ± 1.50 | 0.3–3.3 | 2.80 ± 2.48 | 0.57–13 | 5 | 0.37 |
| TSS (mg/L) | 1.70 ± 0.81 | 0.50–3.0 | 2.24 ± 2.48 | 0.5–12 | 50 | 0.93 |
| TDS (mg/L) | 135 ± 72.5 | 84.0–294 | 134.2 ± 75.2 | 5.0–294 | 1000 | 0.17 |
| Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.025 ± 0.021 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.0201 | 0.006–0.085 | <1 | 0.08 |
| Fluoride ions (mg/L) | 0.0004 ± 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 0.005 ± 0.014 | 0.0002–0.06 | 1.50 | 0.12 |
| Chlorine (mg/L) | 24.31 ± 9.02 | 14.18–35.5 | 28.85 ± 16.26 | 10.27–92.17 | 250 | 0.23 |
| Alkalinity (mg/L) | 99.00 ± 55.30 | 34–201 | 103.5 ± 69.2 | 10.6–233.3 | – | 0.10 |
| Hardness (mg/L) | 245.2 ± 114.3 | 120–360 | 230.3 ± 121.2 | 40–620 | 350 | 0.05 |
| Nitrate (mg/L) | 0.49 ± 0.43 | 0.06–1.04 | 0.66 ± 0.43 | 0.077–1.334 | 10 | 0.20 |
| Parameters . | Intake source (N = 7) . | Point-of-use source (N = 21) . | WHO guideline . | p-value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD . | Min–Max . | Mean ± SD . | Min–Max . | |||
| pH | 6.17 ± 0.11 | 5.98–6.28 | 6.14 ± 0.08 | 5.96–6.25 | 6.5–8.5 | 0.68 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.0 ± 7.0 | 29–43 | 35.7 ± 2.70 | 29–41 | 22–29 | 0.39 |
| E. Cond. (μS/cm) | 270.0 ± 185 | 81.3–555 | 281.8 ± 163.2 | 7.9–688 | 1,500 | 0.15 |
| Turbidity (NTU) | 1.80 ± 1.50 | 0.3–3.3 | 2.80 ± 2.48 | 0.57–13 | 5 | 0.37 |
| TSS (mg/L) | 1.70 ± 0.81 | 0.50–3.0 | 2.24 ± 2.48 | 0.5–12 | 50 | 0.93 |
| TDS (mg/L) | 135 ± 72.5 | 84.0–294 | 134.2 ± 75.2 | 5.0–294 | 1000 | 0.17 |
| Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.025 ± 0.021 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.0201 | 0.006–0.085 | <1 | 0.08 |
| Fluoride ions (mg/L) | 0.0004 ± 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 0.005 ± 0.014 | 0.0002–0.06 | 1.50 | 0.12 |
| Chlorine (mg/L) | 24.31 ± 9.02 | 14.18–35.5 | 28.85 ± 16.26 | 10.27–92.17 | 250 | 0.23 |
| Alkalinity (mg/L) | 99.00 ± 55.30 | 34–201 | 103.5 ± 69.2 | 10.6–233.3 | – | 0.10 |
| Hardness (mg/L) | 245.2 ± 114.3 | 120–360 | 230.3 ± 121.2 | 40–620 | 350 | 0.05 |
| Nitrate (mg/L) | 0.49 ± 0.43 | 0.06–1.04 | 0.66 ± 0.43 | 0.077–1.334 | 10 | 0.20 |