Access to clean water among study participants across four administrative cells of Butaro Sector in Northern Province, Rwanda (N = 539)
| . | Gatsibo . | Mubuga . | Muhotora . | Nyamicucu . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 131) . | (n = 134) . | (n = 138) . | (n = 136) . | (N = 539) . | |
| Count (%) . | |||||
| Is water source available throughout the year? (‘yes’ responses) | |||||
| Home (government supply) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (0.9) |
| Public standpipe (government supply) | 10 (7.6) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (3.6) | 6 (4.4) | 27 (5.0) |
| Protected borehole | 0 (0) | 43 (32.1) | 34 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 77 (14.3) |
| Protected spring | 44 (33.6) | 86 (64.2) | 76 (55.1) | 68 (50.0) | 274 (50.8) |
| Rainwater | 0 (0) | 28 (20.9) | 64 (46.4) | 37 (27.2) | 129 (23.9) |
| Surface water | 60 (45.8) | 89 (66.4) | 90 (65.2) | 65 (47.8) | 304 (56.4) |
| Unprotected borehole | 5 (3.8) | 56 (41.8) | 50 (36.2) | 1 (0.7) | 112 (20.8) |
| Unprotected spring | 75 (57.3) | 98 (73.1) | 90 (65.2) | 59 (43.4) | 322 (59.7) |
| Water vendors | 0 (0) | 28 (20.9) | 34 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 62 (11.5) |
| Total time spent fetching waterafor people in household/day | |||||
| <30 min | 38 (29.0) | 36 (26.9) | 35 (25.4) | 46 (33.8) | 155 (28.8) |
| 30–59 min | 57 (43.5) | 50 (37.3) | 48 (34.8) | 37 (27.2) | 192 (35.6) |
| 1–2 h | 26 (19.8) | 40 (29.9) | 40 (29.0) | 40 (29.4) | 146 (27.1) |
| >2 h | 8 (6.1) | 7 (5.2) | 11 (8.0) | 13 (9.6) | 39 (7.2) |
| No response | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (1.3) |
| Median Time (min) | 35 | 40 | 40 | 35 | 40 |
| Total time spent fetching water for animals per day (among households with 1+ animals) | |||||
| No time requiredb | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (4.8) | 9 (2.8) |
| 1–29 min | 39 (49.4) | 34 (37.4) | 25 (31.6) | 28 (44.4) | 126 (40.4) |
| 30–59 min | 21 (26.6) | 37 (40.7) | 33 (41.8) | 22 (34.9) | 113 (36.2) |
| 1–2 h | 8 (10.1) | 17 (18.7) | 16 (20.3) | 9 (14.3) | 50 (16.0) |
| >2 h | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) |
| No response | 7 (8.9) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.6) | 13 (4.1) |
| Median time (min) | 20 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Mode of transportation used for fetching water | |||||
| Walking | 103 (78.6) | 132 (98.5) | 103 (74.6) | 111 (81.6) | 449 (83.3) |
| Bicycle | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 7 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 8 (1.5) |
| No response | 28 (21.4) | 1 (0.7) | 28 (20.3) | 25 (18.4) | 82 (15.2) |
| Where water treatment supplies are obtained (among households that treated their water) | |||||
| Shops | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Local markets | 8 (13.3) | 20 (46.5) | 12 (21.1) | 33 (54.1) | 73 (33.0) |
| Pharmacy | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) |
| Otherc | 45 (75.0) | 22 (51.1) | 42 (73.7) | 24 (39.2) | 133 (60.5) |
| No response | 6 (10.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (6.6) | 11 (5) |
| Time to reach location where water treatment supplies are obtained (among households that treated their water) | |||||
| <30 min | 15 (25.0) | 23 (53.5) | 16 (28.1) | 32 (52.5) | 86 (38.9) |
| 30 min–1 h | 17 (28.3) | 17 (39.5) | 24 (42.1) | 22 (36.1) | 80 (36.2) |
| >1 h | 4 (6.7) | 2 (4.7) | 15 (26.3) | 3 (4.9) | 24 (10.9) |
| No response | 24 (40.0) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (3.5) | 4 (6.6) | 31 (14.0) |
| . | Gatsibo . | Mubuga . | Muhotora . | Nyamicucu . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 131) . | (n = 134) . | (n = 138) . | (n = 136) . | (N = 539) . | |
| Count (%) . | |||||
| Is water source available throughout the year? (‘yes’ responses) | |||||
| Home (government supply) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (0.9) |
| Public standpipe (government supply) | 10 (7.6) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (3.6) | 6 (4.4) | 27 (5.0) |
| Protected borehole | 0 (0) | 43 (32.1) | 34 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 77 (14.3) |
| Protected spring | 44 (33.6) | 86 (64.2) | 76 (55.1) | 68 (50.0) | 274 (50.8) |
| Rainwater | 0 (0) | 28 (20.9) | 64 (46.4) | 37 (27.2) | 129 (23.9) |
| Surface water | 60 (45.8) | 89 (66.4) | 90 (65.2) | 65 (47.8) | 304 (56.4) |
| Unprotected borehole | 5 (3.8) | 56 (41.8) | 50 (36.2) | 1 (0.7) | 112 (20.8) |
| Unprotected spring | 75 (57.3) | 98 (73.1) | 90 (65.2) | 59 (43.4) | 322 (59.7) |
| Water vendors | 0 (0) | 28 (20.9) | 34 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 62 (11.5) |
| Total time spent fetching waterafor people in household/day | |||||
| <30 min | 38 (29.0) | 36 (26.9) | 35 (25.4) | 46 (33.8) | 155 (28.8) |
| 30–59 min | 57 (43.5) | 50 (37.3) | 48 (34.8) | 37 (27.2) | 192 (35.6) |
| 1–2 h | 26 (19.8) | 40 (29.9) | 40 (29.0) | 40 (29.4) | 146 (27.1) |
| >2 h | 8 (6.1) | 7 (5.2) | 11 (8.0) | 13 (9.6) | 39 (7.2) |
| No response | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (1.3) |
| Median Time (min) | 35 | 40 | 40 | 35 | 40 |
| Total time spent fetching water for animals per day (among households with 1+ animals) | |||||
| No time requiredb | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (4.8) | 9 (2.8) |
| 1–29 min | 39 (49.4) | 34 (37.4) | 25 (31.6) | 28 (44.4) | 126 (40.4) |
| 30–59 min | 21 (26.6) | 37 (40.7) | 33 (41.8) | 22 (34.9) | 113 (36.2) |
| 1–2 h | 8 (10.1) | 17 (18.7) | 16 (20.3) | 9 (14.3) | 50 (16.0) |
| >2 h | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) |
| No response | 7 (8.9) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.6) | 13 (4.1) |
| Median time (min) | 20 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Mode of transportation used for fetching water | |||||
| Walking | 103 (78.6) | 132 (98.5) | 103 (74.6) | 111 (81.6) | 449 (83.3) |
| Bicycle | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 7 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 8 (1.5) |
| No response | 28 (21.4) | 1 (0.7) | 28 (20.3) | 25 (18.4) | 82 (15.2) |
| Where water treatment supplies are obtained (among households that treated their water) | |||||
| Shops | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Local markets | 8 (13.3) | 20 (46.5) | 12 (21.1) | 33 (54.1) | 73 (33.0) |
| Pharmacy | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) |
| Otherc | 45 (75.0) | 22 (51.1) | 42 (73.7) | 24 (39.2) | 133 (60.5) |
| No response | 6 (10.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (6.6) | 11 (5) |
| Time to reach location where water treatment supplies are obtained (among households that treated their water) | |||||
| <30 min | 15 (25.0) | 23 (53.5) | 16 (28.1) | 32 (52.5) | 86 (38.9) |
| 30 min–1 h | 17 (28.3) | 17 (39.5) | 24 (42.1) | 22 (36.1) | 80 (36.2) |
| >1 h | 4 (6.7) | 2 (4.7) | 15 (26.3) | 3 (4.9) | 24 (10.9) |
| No response | 24 (40.0) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (3.5) | 4 (6.6) | 31 (14.0) |
aWater collected for all purposes.
bThese participants reported that they do not collect water for their animals because their animals get water from other sources (i.e., food sources) instead of drinking plain water.
cOther’ included community health workers and firewood/charcoal gathered from woods in the surrounding environment for use in boiling water.