Visitors drinking water and SSBs in study parks by neighborhood income level, SF Bay Area, 2016a,b
| Beverage consumption observed by visitors . | All park visitors (N = 48,675) . | Visitors to parks in lower-income neighborhoods (N = 28,312) . | Visitors to parks in higher-income neighborhoods (N = 20,363) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (SD) . | % (SD) . | % (SD) . | P-value . | |
| Any water | 13.44 (12.78) | 12.64 (13.68) | 14.48 (11.43) | 0.21 |
| Water from park fountain | ||||
| Sips | 3.88 (5.71) | 3.60 (5.28) | 4.25 (6.23) | 0.53 |
| Filled bottle | 0.67 (1.83) | 0.76 (2.11) | 0.54 (1.36) | 0.54 |
| Filled cup | 0.31 (2.68) | 0.40 (3.50) | 0.20 (0.76) | 0.96 |
| Beverages brought into park from outside source | ||||
| Single-use water bottle | 3.44 (5.44) | 3.53 (6.15) | 3.32 (4.35) | 0.68 |
| Reusable water bottle | 5.14 (7.14) | 4.36 (6.72) | 6.18 (7.54) | 0.15 |
| SSB | 2.30 (4.02) | 2.76 (4.76) | 1.69 (2.64) | 0.11 |
| Beverage consumption observed by visitors . | All park visitors (N = 48,675) . | Visitors to parks in lower-income neighborhoods (N = 28,312) . | Visitors to parks in higher-income neighborhoods (N = 20,363) . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (SD) . | % (SD) . | % (SD) . | P-value . | |
| Any water | 13.44 (12.78) | 12.64 (13.68) | 14.48 (11.43) | 0.21 |
| Water from park fountain | ||||
| Sips | 3.88 (5.71) | 3.60 (5.28) | 4.25 (6.23) | 0.53 |
| Filled bottle | 0.67 (1.83) | 0.76 (2.11) | 0.54 (1.36) | 0.54 |
| Filled cup | 0.31 (2.68) | 0.40 (3.50) | 0.20 (0.76) | 0.96 |
| Beverages brought into park from outside source | ||||
| Single-use water bottle | 3.44 (5.44) | 3.53 (6.15) | 3.32 (4.35) | 0.68 |
| Reusable water bottle | 5.14 (7.14) | 4.36 (6.72) | 6.18 (7.54) | 0.15 |
| SSB | 2.30 (4.02) | 2.76 (4.76) | 1.69 (2.64) | 0.11 |
aMixed-effects regressions models conducted to examine differences in water and SSB consumption in parks by park neighborhood income level.
bData from U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts. Parks were characterized as lower-income parks if the percent of individuals in a zip code living in poverty was higher than the city poverty level: Oakland (>18.7%); SF (>11.7%).