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Table 2

Influent synthetic stormwater concentrations and overall performance of the engineered plant biofilters

Pollution strength	Prepared influent synthetic stormwater concentrations – C_inf (mg/L)
	NH₃-N		-N		-P		Cd		Cu		Pb		Zn
Low	0.20		0.50		0.22		0.002		0.02		0.08		0.15
Typically observed	0.40		0.95		0.35		0.0045		0.045		0.15		0.30
High	2.5		13.5		1.5		0.032		6.8		2.8		35
Source chemical	NH₄Cl		KNO₃		K₂HPO₄		CdCl₂		CuSO₄		PbCl₂		ZnCl₂
	Measured mean effluent concentrations and mean loads removed
	NH₃-N		-N		-P		Cd		Cu		Pb		Zn
Biofilter design type	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)
Low pollution strength
STD	0.065	89	1.24 +	23	0.60 +	15	0.00019	96	0.026 +	59	0.0016	99	0.05	89
GL	0.18	50	1.33 +	−44	0.23 +	43	0.00014	96	0.015	59	0.00058	99	0.027	90
SZ	0.18	89	1.11 +	74	1.10 +	42	0.00051	97	0.07 +	59	0.0052	99	0.11	91
PA	0.065	96	2.26 +	47	1.10 +	41	0.00023	98	0.05 +	70	0.0026	99	0.04	96
PA+SZ	0.069	96	1.03 +	76	0.64 +	66	0.00021	98	0.04 +	76	0.0028	99	0.04	96
UF+PA+SZ	0.032	98	0.63 +	85	0.35 +	81	0.00013	99	0.023 +	86	0.00055	99	0.02	98
Typically observed pollution strength
STD	0.037	97	1.60 +	47	0.96 +	15	0.00023	98	0.016	88	0.00094	99	0.052	94
GL	0.30	59	2.49 +	−42	0.23 +	63	0.00005	99	0.0052	93	0.00052	99	0.019	96
SZ	0.11	96	1.74 +	78	1.33 +	56	0.00045	98	0.092 +	76	0.0054	99	0.098	96
PA	0.062	98	3.02 +	63	1.14 +	62	0.00024	99	0.067 +	82	0.0035	99	0.032	98
PA+SZ	0.055	98	1.15 +	85	0.58 +	80	0.00032	99	0.037	90	0.0014	99	0.05	98
UF+PA+SZ	0.034	99	0.79	90	0.42 +	86	0.00024	99	0.022	94	0.00099	99	0.038	98
High pollution strength
STD	0.12	98	9.94	77	2.46 +	49	0.00022	99	0.023	99	0.0025	99	0.033	99
GL	1.11	75	14.36 +	42	1.02	63	0.0001	99	0.0098	99	0.0013	99	0.018	99
SZ	0.30	98	7.85	93	1.44	88	0.0005	99	0.12	99	0.009	99	0.077	99
PA	0.096	99	12.39	89	1.79 +	86	0.00026	99	0.097	99	0.005	99	0.039	99
PA+SZ	0.06	99	7.52	93	1.54 +	88	0.00024	99	0.045	99	0.002	99	0.059	99
UF+PA+SZ	0.04	99	5.50	95	0.74	94	0.00025	99	0.041	99	0.002	99	0.036	99

Pollution strength	Prepared influent synthetic stormwater concentrations – C_inf (mg/L)
	NH₃-N		-N		-P		Cd		Cu		Pb		Zn
Low	0.20		0.50		0.22		0.002		0.02		0.08		0.15
Typically observed	0.40		0.95		0.35		0.0045		0.045		0.15		0.30
High	2.5		13.5		1.5		0.032		6.8		2.8		35
Source chemical	NH₄Cl		KNO₃		K₂HPO₄		CdCl₂		CuSO₄		PbCl₂		ZnCl₂
	Measured mean effluent concentrations and mean loads removed
	NH₃-N		-N		-P		Cd		Cu		Pb		Zn
Biofilter design type	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)	x̄ C_eff (mg/L)	x̄ L_rem (%)
Low pollution strength
STD	0.065	89	1.24 +	23	0.60 +	15	0.00019	96	0.026 +	59	0.0016	99	0.05	89
GL	0.18	50	1.33 +	−44	0.23 +	43	0.00014	96	0.015	59	0.00058	99	0.027	90
SZ	0.18	89	1.11 +	74	1.10 +	42	0.00051	97	0.07 +	59	0.0052	99	0.11	91
PA	0.065	96	2.26 +	47	1.10 +	41	0.00023	98	0.05 +	70	0.0026	99	0.04	96
PA+SZ	0.069	96	1.03 +	76	0.64 +	66	0.00021	98	0.04 +	76	0.0028	99	0.04	96
UF+PA+SZ	0.032	98	0.63 +	85	0.35 +	81	0.00013	99	0.023 +	86	0.00055	99	0.02	98
Typically observed pollution strength
STD	0.037	97	1.60 +	47	0.96 +	15	0.00023	98	0.016	88	0.00094	99	0.052	94
GL	0.30	59	2.49 +	−42	0.23 +	63	0.00005	99	0.0052	93	0.00052	99	0.019	96
SZ	0.11	96	1.74 +	78	1.33 +	56	0.00045	98	0.092 +	76	0.0054	99	0.098	96
PA	0.062	98	3.02 +	63	1.14 +	62	0.00024	99	0.067 +	82	0.0035	99	0.032	98
PA+SZ	0.055	98	1.15 +	85	0.58 +	80	0.00032	99	0.037	90	0.0014	99	0.05	98
UF+PA+SZ	0.034	99	0.79	90	0.42 +	86	0.00024	99	0.022	94	0.00099	99	0.038	98
High pollution strength
STD	0.12	98	9.94	77	2.46 +	49	0.00022	99	0.023	99	0.0025	99	0.033	99
GL	1.11	75	14.36 +	42	1.02	63	0.0001	99	0.0098	99	0.0013	99	0.018	99
SZ	0.30	98	7.85	93	1.44	88	0.0005	99	0.12	99	0.009	99	0.077	99
PA	0.096	99	12.39	89	1.79 +	86	0.00026	99	0.097	99	0.005	99	0.039	99
PA+SZ	0.06	99	7.52	93	1.54 +	88	0.00024	99	0.045	99	0.002	99	0.059	99
UF+PA+SZ	0.04	99	5.50	95	0.74	94	0.00025	99	0.041	99	0.002	99	0.036	99

Note effluent concentration>influent concentration assigned a +.

C_inf, influent concentration; x̄ C_eff, mean effluent concentration; x̄ L_rem, mean percent load removed.

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