Summary of applications of ANNs in the drinking water sector (2006–2017)
| . | Authors . | ANN/Model type . | Predict/Model . | Input variables . | Study area . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pipes/infrastructure | Mounce & Machell (2006) | MLP | Detection of burst pipes | Flow, pressure | United Kingdom |
| Martínez et al. (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pump and valve settings, storage tank water level & demands of district metering areas | Spain | |
| Rao & Alvarruiz (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pump settings, valve settings, demands for the various district-metering areas, storage tank water levels | – | |
| Rao & Salomons (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pumping power, pressures, flows, costs, penalties | – | |
| Salomons et al. (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pumping status, valve settings, storage levels & demands of district metering areas | Israel | |
| Al-Barqawi & Zayed (2008) | BPNN | Performance of municipal water mains | Pipe length, size, age, type of material, depth, slope & type of sewer | Canada | |
| Tabesh et al. (2009) | MLP & ANFIS | Pipe failure and mechanical reliability | Pipe length, diameter, age, installation depth & hydraulic pressure | Iran | |
| Christodoulou & Deligianni (2010) | Neuro-fuzzy | Performance of pipes and failure analysis | Pipe parameters: previous breaks, length, materials & diameter Traffic parameters: traffic load, pipe's proximity to a highway, underground railway & roadway or block intersection | New York City (USA) & Limassol (Cyprus) | |
| Ho et al. (2010) | RBF | Pipeline replacement and leakage | Pipe diameter, material & seismic factor (earthquakes) | China | |
| Jafar et al. (2010) | BPNN | Model the failure of the pipes | Historical failure, hydraulic pressure, characteristics, location of pipes & soil type | France | |
| Nazif et al. (2010) | MLP | Pipe pressure | Elevation of nodes, storage tank levels & demand at each node | Iran | |
| Farokhzad et al. (2012) | MLP | Faults in centrifugal water pump | Mean, standard deviation, sample variance, kurtosis, skewness, root mean square, crest factor, slippage & fourth, fifth and sixth central moment | Iran | |
| Ridolfi et al. (2014) | Three layered feed-forward (MLP) | Pressure distribution | Water pressure | Italy | |
| Makaya & Hensel (2015) | MLP | Flow dynamics to detect leakage | Flow logging data | Zimbabwe | |
| Wachla et al. (2015) | ANFIS | Leakage detection | Water flow rates | Poland | |
| Kamiński Kamiński & Mizerski (2017) | MLP | Tool for renovation decisions in water supply | Pipe diameter, material, age, failure rate, forces affecting the pipeline | Poland | |
| Coagulation/ flocculation dosage | Wu & Lo (2010) | MLP | PAC | Turbidity, temperature, colour, pH & coagulant dosage | Taiwan |
| Gholikandi et al. (2011) | BPNN | PAC | Influent turbidity, poly aluminium chloride (PAC) dosage & coagulant types | Iran | |
| Heddam et al. (2011) | RBF, GRNN | Aluminium sulphate | Turbidity, EC, pH, temperature, DO & ultraviolet absorption | Algeria | |
| Dharman et al. (2012) | Feed-forward | PAC | Plant flow, raw water alkalinity, TOC, pH, total hardness, turbidity, iron, fluorides, hardness (calcium), temperature, polymer FeCl2, flow at lock 10, pH adjustment, disinfectant (pre ammonia) & coagulant polymers | Kentucky, USA | |
| Heddam et al. (2012) | ANFIS | Aluminium sulphate | Turbidity, EC, pH, DO, temperature & ultraviolet absorption | Algeria | |
| Naidoo & van der Walt (2013) | Feed-forward | Polymeric coagulant | Turbidity, pH, alkalinity & colour | South Africa | |
| León-Luque et al. (2016) | Not mentioned in article | Aluminium sulphate | Turbidity, pH, EC, temperature, alkalinity & colour | Colombia | |
| Filtration efficacy | Chen & Kim (2006) | RBF, BPNN | Membrane filtration: predict permeate flux decline | Particle size, solution pH, transmembrane pressure, elapsed time & ionic strength | Hawaii |
| Curcio et al. (2006) | Feed-forward | Membrane filtration: model permeate flux decay | Operating time, sampling time & inlet flow rate | Italy | |
| Griffiths & Andrews (2011) | MLP | Granular media filtration: predict post-filtration particle counts and settled water turbidity | Temperature, pH, filter flow rate, filter head loss, filter run time, settled water turbidity & pre-chlorination dosage | Canada | |
| Kabsch-Korbutowicz & Kutylowska (2011) | MLP | Membrane filtration: predict turbidity retention coefficient during ultrafiltration | Feed water turbidity, turbidity in the tank, pH, temperature in the tank, transmembrane pressure & permeate flux | Germany | |
| Tashaouie et al. (2012) | MLP | Performance of pressure filters | Turbidity, filtration rate & pressure | Iran | |
| Madaeni et al. (2015) | MLP | Performance of RO plant | Time, conductivity, transmembrane pressure & flow rate | Iran | |
| Corbatón-Báguena et al. (2016) | Feed-forward | Membrane filtration: permeate flux decline | Transmembrane pressure, cross-flow velocity, operating time, flux normalization & fouling indicator | Spain | |
| Municipal water demand | Adamowski (2008) | MLP | Daily water demand | Water demand, temperature, rainfall data | Canada |
| Firat et al. (2009) | GRNN, RBF, Feed-forward | Monthly water use | Average monthly water bill, population, number of households, gross national product, temperature, rainfall, humidity & inflation rate | Turkey | |
| Yurdusev & Firat (2009) | ANFIS | Monthly water use | Average monthly water bill, population, number of households, gross national product, temperature, rainfall, humidity & inflation rate | Turkey | |
| Adamowski & Karapataki (2010) | MLP | Weekly water demand | Water demand, temperature, rainfall data | Cyprus | |
| Firat et al. (2010) | GRNN, CCNN, Feed-forward | Monthly water consumption time series | Historical water consumption data | Turkey | |
| Ajbar & Ali (2015) | MLP | Monthly & annual water demand | City population, housing density, personal income, maximum monthly temperature & number of monthly visitors | Saudi Arabia | |
| Disinfection residuals | Bowden et al. (2006) | GRNN | Residual chlorine | Flow, turbidity, pH, temperature & chlorine | Australia |
| Gibbs et al. (2006) | MLP, GRNN & SOM | Residual chlorine | Water temperature, flow, chlorine concentration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance (UV254) & time of measurement | Australia | |
| May et al. (2008) | GRNN | Residual chlorine | Distribution plant 1: Chlorine at different nodes, tank level, pump flow rate & pipe flow rate Distribution plant 2: Free chlorine, pH, turbidity, tank level, outlet flow & temperature | Australia | |
| Soyupak et al. (2011) | MLP | Residual chlorine | pH, EC, turbidity, water flow rates, temperature & free residual chlorine | Turkey | |
| Wu et al. (2011) | GRNN | Residual chlorine and free ammonia levels | Chlorine & free ammonia | Australia | |
| Cordoba et al. (2014) | MLP | Residual chlorine | Temperature, pH, turbidity, flow, initial chlorine & free chlorine | Czech Republic | |
| Water quality | Mustonen et al. (2008) | SOM | Water quality changes | Particle measurement & EC | Finland |
| Vicente et al. (2012) | MLP | Nitrate, manganese, sodium and potassium | pH & conductivity | Portugal | |
| Juntunen et al. (2013) | SOM | Various physico-chemical parameters | Well water level & flow, lake flow, lake surface level, total inflow, solvent water, lime feed, KMnO4 dose, Al dose, CO2 feed, temperature & flow Raw water: turbidity, pH, alkalinity, EC, COD, iron, manganese & aluminium Treated water: pH, alkalinity, EC, free chlorine, COD, aluminium, iron, manganese & calcium | Finland | |
| Rak (2013) | MLP | Turbidity | Raw water turbidity, water flow, water retention level, daily rainfall & reservoir temperature | Poland | |
| Gaya et al. (2017) | Feed-forward | Turbidity | Influent parameters: Free CO2, calcium, suspended solids, hardness, chloride, conductivity, TDS, pH, turbidity | Nigeria | |
| DBPs | Kulkarni & Chellam (2010) | BPNN | THM, haloacetic acids (HAA), total organic halides (TOX) | UV254, contact time, temperature, pH, TOC, bromium & chlorine dose | USA |
| Ye et al. (2011) | BPNN | THM, HAA | Residence time, water temperature, pH, UV254, TOC, bromium concentration & residual free chlorine | China | |
| Singh & Gupta (2012) | Feed-forward, RBF | THM | pH, temperature, contact time, Br concentration & dissolved organic carbon normalized chlorine dose (Cl2/DOC) | India | |
| Organic matter removal | Bieroza et al. (2011) | SOM, BPNN | – | Organic matter fluorescence data | United Kingdom |
| Bieroza et al. (2012) | SOM, BPNN | – | Organic matter fluorescence data | United Kingdom | |
| Contamination event | Perelman et al. (2012) | BPNN | – | EC, pH, temperature, turbidity, total chlorine & TOC | USA (CANARY database) |
| Arad et al. (2013) | BPNN | – | EC, pH, temperature, turbidity, total chlorine & TOC | Israel/USA (CANARY database) | |
| Organic & inorganic pollutants | Cauchi et al. (2011) | Feed-forward | Anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, cadmium, lead & copper | Anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, cadmium, lead & copper | United Kingdom |
| Residual aluminium | Tomperi et al. (2013) | MLP | – | Raw water temperature, colour, pH, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) & Poly-Aluminium Chloride/Potassium permanganate ratio (PAC/KMnO4) | Finland |
| Cost of treatment plant | Marzouk & Elkadi (2016) | MLP | Construction cost | Soil type, clarifier type & land property | Egypt |
| Performance efficiency of treatment plant | Saha et al. (2017) | Not mentioned in article | Most important parameter of a water treatment plant | Amount of intake water, time of treatment, discharge rate, amount of output water, efficiency of clariflocculator, filter bed, chlorination unit & channel efficiency | India |
| . | Authors . | ANN/Model type . | Predict/Model . | Input variables . | Study area . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pipes/infrastructure | Mounce & Machell (2006) | MLP | Detection of burst pipes | Flow, pressure | United Kingdom |
| Martínez et al. (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pump and valve settings, storage tank water level & demands of district metering areas | Spain | |
| Rao & Alvarruiz (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pump settings, valve settings, demands for the various district-metering areas, storage tank water levels | – | |
| Rao & Salomons (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pumping power, pressures, flows, costs, penalties | – | |
| Salomons et al. (2007) | Feed-forward | Operational control settings | Pumping status, valve settings, storage levels & demands of district metering areas | Israel | |
| Al-Barqawi & Zayed (2008) | BPNN | Performance of municipal water mains | Pipe length, size, age, type of material, depth, slope & type of sewer | Canada | |
| Tabesh et al. (2009) | MLP & ANFIS | Pipe failure and mechanical reliability | Pipe length, diameter, age, installation depth & hydraulic pressure | Iran | |
| Christodoulou & Deligianni (2010) | Neuro-fuzzy | Performance of pipes and failure analysis | Pipe parameters: previous breaks, length, materials & diameter Traffic parameters: traffic load, pipe's proximity to a highway, underground railway & roadway or block intersection | New York City (USA) & Limassol (Cyprus) | |
| Ho et al. (2010) | RBF | Pipeline replacement and leakage | Pipe diameter, material & seismic factor (earthquakes) | China | |
| Jafar et al. (2010) | BPNN | Model the failure of the pipes | Historical failure, hydraulic pressure, characteristics, location of pipes & soil type | France | |
| Nazif et al. (2010) | MLP | Pipe pressure | Elevation of nodes, storage tank levels & demand at each node | Iran | |
| Farokhzad et al. (2012) | MLP | Faults in centrifugal water pump | Mean, standard deviation, sample variance, kurtosis, skewness, root mean square, crest factor, slippage & fourth, fifth and sixth central moment | Iran | |
| Ridolfi et al. (2014) | Three layered feed-forward (MLP) | Pressure distribution | Water pressure | Italy | |
| Makaya & Hensel (2015) | MLP | Flow dynamics to detect leakage | Flow logging data | Zimbabwe | |
| Wachla et al. (2015) | ANFIS | Leakage detection | Water flow rates | Poland | |
| Kamiński Kamiński & Mizerski (2017) | MLP | Tool for renovation decisions in water supply | Pipe diameter, material, age, failure rate, forces affecting the pipeline | Poland | |
| Coagulation/ flocculation dosage | Wu & Lo (2010) | MLP | PAC | Turbidity, temperature, colour, pH & coagulant dosage | Taiwan |
| Gholikandi et al. (2011) | BPNN | PAC | Influent turbidity, poly aluminium chloride (PAC) dosage & coagulant types | Iran | |
| Heddam et al. (2011) | RBF, GRNN | Aluminium sulphate | Turbidity, EC, pH, temperature, DO & ultraviolet absorption | Algeria | |
| Dharman et al. (2012) | Feed-forward | PAC | Plant flow, raw water alkalinity, TOC, pH, total hardness, turbidity, iron, fluorides, hardness (calcium), temperature, polymer FeCl2, flow at lock 10, pH adjustment, disinfectant (pre ammonia) & coagulant polymers | Kentucky, USA | |
| Heddam et al. (2012) | ANFIS | Aluminium sulphate | Turbidity, EC, pH, DO, temperature & ultraviolet absorption | Algeria | |
| Naidoo & van der Walt (2013) | Feed-forward | Polymeric coagulant | Turbidity, pH, alkalinity & colour | South Africa | |
| León-Luque et al. (2016) | Not mentioned in article | Aluminium sulphate | Turbidity, pH, EC, temperature, alkalinity & colour | Colombia | |
| Filtration efficacy | Chen & Kim (2006) | RBF, BPNN | Membrane filtration: predict permeate flux decline | Particle size, solution pH, transmembrane pressure, elapsed time & ionic strength | Hawaii |
| Curcio et al. (2006) | Feed-forward | Membrane filtration: model permeate flux decay | Operating time, sampling time & inlet flow rate | Italy | |
| Griffiths & Andrews (2011) | MLP | Granular media filtration: predict post-filtration particle counts and settled water turbidity | Temperature, pH, filter flow rate, filter head loss, filter run time, settled water turbidity & pre-chlorination dosage | Canada | |
| Kabsch-Korbutowicz & Kutylowska (2011) | MLP | Membrane filtration: predict turbidity retention coefficient during ultrafiltration | Feed water turbidity, turbidity in the tank, pH, temperature in the tank, transmembrane pressure & permeate flux | Germany | |
| Tashaouie et al. (2012) | MLP | Performance of pressure filters | Turbidity, filtration rate & pressure | Iran | |
| Madaeni et al. (2015) | MLP | Performance of RO plant | Time, conductivity, transmembrane pressure & flow rate | Iran | |
| Corbatón-Báguena et al. (2016) | Feed-forward | Membrane filtration: permeate flux decline | Transmembrane pressure, cross-flow velocity, operating time, flux normalization & fouling indicator | Spain | |
| Municipal water demand | Adamowski (2008) | MLP | Daily water demand | Water demand, temperature, rainfall data | Canada |
| Firat et al. (2009) | GRNN, RBF, Feed-forward | Monthly water use | Average monthly water bill, population, number of households, gross national product, temperature, rainfall, humidity & inflation rate | Turkey | |
| Yurdusev & Firat (2009) | ANFIS | Monthly water use | Average monthly water bill, population, number of households, gross national product, temperature, rainfall, humidity & inflation rate | Turkey | |
| Adamowski & Karapataki (2010) | MLP | Weekly water demand | Water demand, temperature, rainfall data | Cyprus | |
| Firat et al. (2010) | GRNN, CCNN, Feed-forward | Monthly water consumption time series | Historical water consumption data | Turkey | |
| Ajbar & Ali (2015) | MLP | Monthly & annual water demand | City population, housing density, personal income, maximum monthly temperature & number of monthly visitors | Saudi Arabia | |
| Disinfection residuals | Bowden et al. (2006) | GRNN | Residual chlorine | Flow, turbidity, pH, temperature & chlorine | Australia |
| Gibbs et al. (2006) | MLP, GRNN & SOM | Residual chlorine | Water temperature, flow, chlorine concentration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance (UV254) & time of measurement | Australia | |
| May et al. (2008) | GRNN | Residual chlorine | Distribution plant 1: Chlorine at different nodes, tank level, pump flow rate & pipe flow rate Distribution plant 2: Free chlorine, pH, turbidity, tank level, outlet flow & temperature | Australia | |
| Soyupak et al. (2011) | MLP | Residual chlorine | pH, EC, turbidity, water flow rates, temperature & free residual chlorine | Turkey | |
| Wu et al. (2011) | GRNN | Residual chlorine and free ammonia levels | Chlorine & free ammonia | Australia | |
| Cordoba et al. (2014) | MLP | Residual chlorine | Temperature, pH, turbidity, flow, initial chlorine & free chlorine | Czech Republic | |
| Water quality | Mustonen et al. (2008) | SOM | Water quality changes | Particle measurement & EC | Finland |
| Vicente et al. (2012) | MLP | Nitrate, manganese, sodium and potassium | pH & conductivity | Portugal | |
| Juntunen et al. (2013) | SOM | Various physico-chemical parameters | Well water level & flow, lake flow, lake surface level, total inflow, solvent water, lime feed, KMnO4 dose, Al dose, CO2 feed, temperature & flow Raw water: turbidity, pH, alkalinity, EC, COD, iron, manganese & aluminium Treated water: pH, alkalinity, EC, free chlorine, COD, aluminium, iron, manganese & calcium | Finland | |
| Rak (2013) | MLP | Turbidity | Raw water turbidity, water flow, water retention level, daily rainfall & reservoir temperature | Poland | |
| Gaya et al. (2017) | Feed-forward | Turbidity | Influent parameters: Free CO2, calcium, suspended solids, hardness, chloride, conductivity, TDS, pH, turbidity | Nigeria | |
| DBPs | Kulkarni & Chellam (2010) | BPNN | THM, haloacetic acids (HAA), total organic halides (TOX) | UV254, contact time, temperature, pH, TOC, bromium & chlorine dose | USA |
| Ye et al. (2011) | BPNN | THM, HAA | Residence time, water temperature, pH, UV254, TOC, bromium concentration & residual free chlorine | China | |
| Singh & Gupta (2012) | Feed-forward, RBF | THM | pH, temperature, contact time, Br concentration & dissolved organic carbon normalized chlorine dose (Cl2/DOC) | India | |
| Organic matter removal | Bieroza et al. (2011) | SOM, BPNN | – | Organic matter fluorescence data | United Kingdom |
| Bieroza et al. (2012) | SOM, BPNN | – | Organic matter fluorescence data | United Kingdom | |
| Contamination event | Perelman et al. (2012) | BPNN | – | EC, pH, temperature, turbidity, total chlorine & TOC | USA (CANARY database) |
| Arad et al. (2013) | BPNN | – | EC, pH, temperature, turbidity, total chlorine & TOC | Israel/USA (CANARY database) | |
| Organic & inorganic pollutants | Cauchi et al. (2011) | Feed-forward | Anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, cadmium, lead & copper | Anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, cadmium, lead & copper | United Kingdom |
| Residual aluminium | Tomperi et al. (2013) | MLP | – | Raw water temperature, colour, pH, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) & Poly-Aluminium Chloride/Potassium permanganate ratio (PAC/KMnO4) | Finland |
| Cost of treatment plant | Marzouk & Elkadi (2016) | MLP | Construction cost | Soil type, clarifier type & land property | Egypt |
| Performance efficiency of treatment plant | Saha et al. (2017) | Not mentioned in article | Most important parameter of a water treatment plant | Amount of intake water, time of treatment, discharge rate, amount of output water, efficiency of clariflocculator, filter bed, chlorination unit & channel efficiency | India |
ANFIS: Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System; BPNN: Back Propagation Neural Network; CCNN: Cascade Correlation Neural Network; DBP: Disinfection By-Product; GRNN: General Regression Neural Network; MLP: Multi-layer Perceptron; RBF: Radial Basis Function; RO: Reverse Osmosis; SOM: Self-organizing Map; THM: Trihalomethane.