With regard to precipitation data, precipitation in SEA from January 2002 until November 2020 was used, accounting for the total of 222 files (months) to be processed. First, the data were derived from GPM IMERG Final Precipitation L3 — 1 month 0.1° × 0.1° V06 (GPM_3IMERGM). These data had a resolution of roughly 10 km × 10 km and a temporal resolution of 1 month. The original data were in HDF5 format, which was later transformed to the Geo-tiff format by using GDAL python⁷. After that, since the data had a global coverage, the tiff (raster) file was clipped in the ESRI ArcGIS Pro to ensure the extension of the SEA area. Then, this data set was divided into 36,903 segments (based on the spatial resolution of the GPM IMERG) before it was used to assess how sensitive rainfall in each segment was to SST variations in each zone using correlation analysis. All information about the imagery inputs and the research methodology is summarized in Table 1 and Figure 2.