For the sake of simplicity, the number concentration in the bulk solution is calculated by assuming a 1:1 electrolyte solution concentration ratio obtained based on the ionic strength of equilibrium concentration with respect to Kunipia F (Na-montmorillonite; solid-to-liquid ratio: 250 g/l (Oda & Shibata 1999)), a refined bentonite commercially available from Kunimine Industries Co. Ltd, Japan, using PHREEQC (Parkhurst & Appelo 2013). Table 2 shows the parameters used for solving Equations (26)–(28).
Parameters for the calculation of hydraulic conductivity
| Density of water (ρw) | 997 (kg/m3) |
| Gravitational acceleration (g) | 9.81 (m/s2) |
| Viscosity of bulk solution (μ) | 8.94 × 10−4 (Pa·s) |
| Vacuum permittivity (ε0) | 8.85 × 10−12 (C/V/m) |
| Relative permittivity of solution (εw) | 78.5 |
| Elementary charge (e) | 1.60 × 10−19 (C) |
| Boltzmann constant (kB) | 1.38 × 10−23 (J/K) |
| Viscoelectric constant (fve) | 1.02 × 10−15 (m2/V2) (Lyklema & Overbeek 1961) |
| CEC of montmorillonite (CEC) | 1.11 × 102 (meq/100 g) (Suzuki et al. 2012) |
| Ionic strength of solution | 0.03 (mol/l) |
| Density of water (ρw) | 997 (kg/m3) |
| Gravitational acceleration (g) | 9.81 (m/s2) |
| Viscosity of bulk solution (μ) | 8.94 × 10−4 (Pa·s) |
| Vacuum permittivity (ε0) | 8.85 × 10−12 (C/V/m) |
| Relative permittivity of solution (εw) | 78.5 |
| Elementary charge (e) | 1.60 × 10−19 (C) |
| Boltzmann constant (kB) | 1.38 × 10−23 (J/K) |
| Viscoelectric constant (fve) | 1.02 × 10−15 (m2/V2) (Lyklema & Overbeek 1961) |
| CEC of montmorillonite (CEC) | 1.11 × 102 (meq/100 g) (Suzuki et al. 2012) |
| Ionic strength of solution | 0.03 (mol/l) |