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The water velocity in the pipe was 2.44 m/s and the water hammer wave speed was 1084 (m/s). The upstream reservoir ground level was 40.95 m and the downstream reservoir ground level was 103.50 m. The water transmission failure happened in the field of sub-atmospheric transient pressures. The air influence (Tables 2 and 3) on hydraulic modeling with two different types of air content models were proposed in predicting the transient pressure behavior by HAMMER-ArcGIS-ArcMap software analysis and water pipeline leakage detection process (Figures 2 and 3).
Table 2

Vapor bubbles due to air infiltration into water pipeline

Type of pointPercent of air volume (cm)
P10 92.31 
P11 95.24 
P12 95.24 
P13 66.67 
P14 97.30 
P14:J15 Air 
P15 66.67 
P15:J15 Air 
P16 92.86 
P16:J17 Air 
P17:J17 Air 
P19:J20 Air 
P20 96.77 
P20:J20 Air 
P21 93.75 
P22 90.00 
P23 50.00 
P24 80.00 
P24:J28 Air 
P25 66.67 
P25:J28 Air 
P3 95.00 
P5:J26 Air 
P6 85.71 
P6:J26 Air 
P7 50.00 
Type of pointPercent of air volume (cm)
P10 92.31 
P11 95.24 
P12 95.24 
P13 66.67 
P14 97.30 
P14:J15 Air 
P15 66.67 
P15:J15 Air 
P16 92.86 
P16:J17 Air 
P17:J17 Air 
P19:J20 Air 
P20 96.77 
P20:J20 Air 
P21 93.75 
P22 90.00 
P23 50.00 
P24 80.00 
P24:J28 Air 
P25 66.67 
P25:J28 Air 
P3 95.00 
P5:J26 Air 
P6 85.71 
P6:J26 Air 
P7 50.00 
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Table 3

The modeling of the pipeline by ArcGIS-ArcMap and HAMMER software

Node IDLabelCategoryVapor pressure (bar)Max. volume (m3)Type of volume
1 J2 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
2 J4 Surge tank −10 0 Vapor 
3 J1 Reservoir −10 0 Vapor 
4 J3 Pump −10 0 Vapor 
5 J7 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
6 J8 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
7 J11 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
8 J12 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
9 J14 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
10 J16 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
11 J18 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
12 J19 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
13 J21 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
14 J22 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
15 J23 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
16 J27 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
17 J26 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
18 J9 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
19 J10 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
20 J15 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
21 J17 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
22 J20 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
23 J24 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
24 J28 Prot equip −10 198.483 Air 
25 N1 Reservoir −10 0 Vapor 
26 J6 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
27 J13 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
Node IDLabelCategoryVapor pressure (bar)Max. volume (m3)Type of volume
1 J2 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
2 J4 Surge tank −10 0 Vapor 
3 J1 Reservoir −10 0 Vapor 
4 J3 Pump −10 0 Vapor 
5 J7 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
6 J8 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
7 J11 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
8 J12 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
9 J14 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
10 J16 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
11 J18 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
12 J19 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
13 J21 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
14 J22 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
15 J23 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
16 J27 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
17 J26 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
18 J9 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
19 J10 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
20 J15 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
21 J17 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
22 J20 Prot equip −10 0 Air 
23 J24 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
24 J28 Prot equip −10 198.483 Air 
25 N1 Reservoir −10 0 Vapor 
26 J6 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
27 J13 Junction −10 0 Vapor 
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Figure 2
water hammer analysis of water pipeline (HAMMER & ArcGIS-ArcMap software); (a) First pressure zone, (b) Second pressure zone, (c) Third pressure zone.
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water hammer analysis of water pipeline (HAMMER & ArcGIS-ArcMap software); (a) First pressure zone, (b) Second pressure zone, (c) Third pressure zone.

Figure 2
water hammer analysis of water pipeline (HAMMER & ArcGIS-ArcMap software); (a) First pressure zone, (b) Second pressure zone, (c) Third pressure zone.
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water hammer analysis of water pipeline (HAMMER & ArcGIS-ArcMap software); (a) First pressure zone, (b) Second pressure zone, (c) Third pressure zone.

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Figure 3
Leakage location at water transmission line (Leakage detection range: (0–100 dB); (a) before transition pressure pulse perturbations, (b) at transition pressure pulse perturbations, (c) after transition pressure pulse perturbations.
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Leakage location at water transmission line (Leakage detection range: (0–100 dB); (a) before transition pressure pulse perturbations, (b) at transition pressure pulse perturbations, (c) after transition pressure pulse perturbations.

Figure 3
Leakage location at water transmission line (Leakage detection range: (0–100 dB); (a) before transition pressure pulse perturbations, (b) at transition pressure pulse perturbations, (c) after transition pressure pulse perturbations.
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Leakage location at water transmission line (Leakage detection range: (0–100 dB); (a) before transition pressure pulse perturbations, (b) at transition pressure pulse perturbations, (c) after transition pressure pulse perturbations.

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