Human urine (pooled from 13 normal donors, 991-03-P), which is a feed solution, was purchased from Lee Biosolutions, Inc. (MO, USA). The electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the urine samples were 9.51 mS/cm and 6.14, respectively. Insoluble material in the urine samples after thawing was removed by a precombusted glass fiber filter (0.45 μm pore size, GF/B, Whatman®, UK) at 450 °C for 2 h before the experiments. Synthetic seawater (Sealife, Nihonkaisui Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was used as a draw solution and adjusted 30% with distilled water. Table 1 lists the details of the content of urine (feed solution) and synthetic seawater (draw solution).
Content of the feed and draw solutions
| . | Feed solution (mg L−1) . | Draw solution (mg L−1) . |
|---|---|---|
| Ca2+ | 65 ± 5.5 | 420 ± 28 |
| K+ | 1,100 ± 54 | 350 ± 27 |
| Mg2+ | 33 ± 2.8 | 1,300 ± 74 |
| Na+ | 14,400 ± 65 | 10,400 ± 1,030 |
| NH4+ | 230 ± 24 | 0.46 ± 0.65 |
| Br− | 18 ± 3.2 | 92 ± 21 |
| Cl− | 1,800 ± 47 | 21,000 ± 4,900 |
| F− | 36 ± 8.0 | N.D. |
| PO43− | 850 ± 30 | N.D. |
| NO2− | N.D. | N.D. |
| NO3− | 38 ± 4.8 | N.D. |
| SO42− | 750 ± 92 | 4,300 ± 2,300 |
| DOC | 4,600 ± 140 | N.A. |
| . | Feed solution (mg L−1) . | Draw solution (mg L−1) . |
|---|---|---|
| Ca2+ | 65 ± 5.5 | 420 ± 28 |
| K+ | 1,100 ± 54 | 350 ± 27 |
| Mg2+ | 33 ± 2.8 | 1,300 ± 74 |
| Na+ | 14,400 ± 65 | 10,400 ± 1,030 |
| NH4+ | 230 ± 24 | 0.46 ± 0.65 |
| Br− | 18 ± 3.2 | 92 ± 21 |
| Cl− | 1,800 ± 47 | 21,000 ± 4,900 |
| F− | 36 ± 8.0 | N.D. |
| PO43− | 850 ± 30 | N.D. |
| NO2− | N.D. | N.D. |
| NO3− | 38 ± 4.8 | N.D. |
| SO42− | 750 ± 92 | 4,300 ± 2,300 |
| DOC | 4,600 ± 140 | N.A. |
Values show average and standard deviation (n = 3).
N.D., not detected; N.A., not analyzed.