Table 2 shows water- and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in relation to the socio-demographic status of internally displaced persons in Jalingo LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria. The study reported that the water-transmitted helminth S. haematobium had an infection of 52 (17.6%). Soil-transmitted helminths A. lumbricoides and hookworm, respectively, had an infection of 48 (16.3%) and 8 (2.7%). From various camps, soil-transmitted helminthiasis showed that Jauro Gbadi camp had significantly higher hookworm infection, 8 (8.2%), than Gullum and Howai camps, respectively, with 0 (0.0%) (χ2 = 16.70; p = 0.000). Likewise, hookworm infection was significantly higher, 2 (11.7%) in the age group of (41–50) years, whereas the age group (1–10) years and >50 years, respectively, had no infection, 0 (0.0%) (χ² = 17.59; p = 0.003). In occupation, the water-transmitted helminth S. haematobium infection was significantly higher among farmers, 46 (20.8%), than non-farmers, 6 (9.2%) (χ² = 14.09; p = 0.043).
Water- and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in relation to camps and socio-demographic status of internally displaced persons in Jalingo LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria
| Variables . | Num. Exam . | Water- and soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection (%) . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. haematobium . | A. lumbricoides . | Hookworm . | |||||
| Overall | 294 | 52 (17.6) | χ² | 48 (16.3) | χ² | 8 (2.7) | χ² |
| IDPs' camps | 3.75 | 1.14 | 16.70* | ||||
| Gullum | 99 | 13 (13.1) | 13 (13.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Jauro Gbadi | 97 | 16 (16.4) | 17 (17.5) | 8 (8.2) | |||
| Howai | 98 | 23 (23.4) | 18 (18.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Sex | 0.84 | 0.61 | 1.23 | ||||
| Male | 130 | 20 (15.3) | 22 (16.9) | 2 (1.5) | |||
| Female | 164 | 32 (19.5) | 26 (15.8) | 6 (3.6) | |||
| Age (years) | 9.87 | 7.01 | 17.59* | ||||
| 1–10 | 101 | 18 (17.8) | 21 (20.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | |||
| 11–20 | 105 | 19 (18.0) | 12 (11.4) | 1 ( 0.9) | |||
| 21–30 | 23 | 8 (34.7) | 5 (21.7) | 2 ( 8.6) | |||
| 31–40 | 34 | 3 ( 8.8) | 7 (20.5) | 3 ( 8.8) | |||
| 41–50 | 17 | 4 (23.5) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (11.7) | |||
| > 50 | 14 | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | |||
| Education | 3.37 | 3.92 | 5.94 | ||||
| No formal | 117 | 18 (15.3) | 22 (18.8) | 2 (1.7) | |||
| Primary | 76 | 11 (14.4) | 13 (17.1) | 5 (6.5) | |||
| Secondary | 84 | 18 (21.4) | 13 (15.4) | 1 (1.1) | |||
| Tertiary | 17 | 5 (29.4) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Occupation | 14.09* | 0.15 | 2.23 | ||||
| Farmer | 221 | 46 (20.8) | 38 (17.1) | 8 (3.6) | |||
| Non-farmer | 65 | 6 ( 9.2) | 10 (15.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Variables . | Num. Exam . | Water- and soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection (%) . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. haematobium . | A. lumbricoides . | Hookworm . | |||||
| Overall | 294 | 52 (17.6) | χ² | 48 (16.3) | χ² | 8 (2.7) | χ² |
| IDPs' camps | 3.75 | 1.14 | 16.70* | ||||
| Gullum | 99 | 13 (13.1) | 13 (13.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Jauro Gbadi | 97 | 16 (16.4) | 17 (17.5) | 8 (8.2) | |||
| Howai | 98 | 23 (23.4) | 18 (18.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Sex | 0.84 | 0.61 | 1.23 | ||||
| Male | 130 | 20 (15.3) | 22 (16.9) | 2 (1.5) | |||
| Female | 164 | 32 (19.5) | 26 (15.8) | 6 (3.6) | |||
| Age (years) | 9.87 | 7.01 | 17.59* | ||||
| 1–10 | 101 | 18 (17.8) | 21 (20.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | |||
| 11–20 | 105 | 19 (18.0) | 12 (11.4) | 1 ( 0.9) | |||
| 21–30 | 23 | 8 (34.7) | 5 (21.7) | 2 ( 8.6) | |||
| 31–40 | 34 | 3 ( 8.8) | 7 (20.5) | 3 ( 8.8) | |||
| 41–50 | 17 | 4 (23.5) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (11.7) | |||
| > 50 | 14 | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | |||
| Education | 3.37 | 3.92 | 5.94 | ||||
| No formal | 117 | 18 (15.3) | 22 (18.8) | 2 (1.7) | |||
| Primary | 76 | 11 (14.4) | 13 (17.1) | 5 (6.5) | |||
| Secondary | 84 | 18 (21.4) | 13 (15.4) | 1 (1.1) | |||
| Tertiary | 17 | 5 (29.4) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Occupation | 14.09* | 0.15 | 2.23 | ||||
| Farmer | 221 | 46 (20.8) | 38 (17.1) | 8 (3.6) | |||
| Non-farmer | 65 | 6 ( 9.2) | 10 (15.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||
*Significant at p ≤ 0.05.
Multivariate analysis of behavioural attitudes of internally displaced persons to river and pond water and their hygienic and sanitation measures after defaecation as predictors to urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, respectively, in various camps of Jalingo LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria
| Factors . | Infection (%) . | aOR (95% CI) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral attitudes to river water for S. haematobium | |||
| 1.31 (0.76–2.24) | 0.325 | |
| < 500 m | 45 (15.3) | ||
| > 500 m | 7 ( 2.3) | ||
| 0.51 (0.08–3.18) | 0.475 | |
| No | 27 (19.6) | ||
| Yes | 25 (16.0) | ||
| 8.60 (0.86–85.52) | 0.046* | |
| No | 1 (6.7) | ||
| Yes | 51 (18.3) | ||
| 0.29 (0.10–0.83) | 0.021* | |
| No | 3 (8.1) | ||
| Yes | 48 (18.6) | ||
| Hygienic and sanitation measures towards soil-transmitted helminthiasis after defaecation | |||
| 4.13 (0.77–21.99) | 0.045* | |
| No | 1 (3.1) | ||
| Yes | 55 (20.3) | 0.007* | |
| 0.98 (0.14–6.51) | 0.134 | |
| No | 8 (12.5) | ||
| Yes | 48 (20.1) | ||
| 3.39 (0.68–16.78) | ||
| No | 12 (4.0) | ||
| Yes | 44 (15.0) | ||
| 2.14 (1.30–13.52) | 0.002* | |
| No | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Yes | 53 (18.1) | ||
| 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.554 | |
| No | 13 (4.0) | ||
| Yes | 40 (13.6) | ||
| Factors . | Infection (%) . | aOR (95% CI) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral attitudes to river water for S. haematobium | |||
| 1.31 (0.76–2.24) | 0.325 | |
| < 500 m | 45 (15.3) | ||
| > 500 m | 7 ( 2.3) | ||
| 0.51 (0.08–3.18) | 0.475 | |
| No | 27 (19.6) | ||
| Yes | 25 (16.0) | ||
| 8.60 (0.86–85.52) | 0.046* | |
| No | 1 (6.7) | ||
| Yes | 51 (18.3) | ||
| 0.29 (0.10–0.83) | 0.021* | |
| No | 3 (8.1) | ||
| Yes | 48 (18.6) | ||
| Hygienic and sanitation measures towards soil-transmitted helminthiasis after defaecation | |||
| 4.13 (0.77–21.99) | 0.045* | |
| No | 1 (3.1) | ||
| Yes | 55 (20.3) | 0.007* | |
| 0.98 (0.14–6.51) | 0.134 | |
| No | 8 (12.5) | ||
| Yes | 48 (20.1) | ||
| 3.39 (0.68–16.78) | ||
| No | 12 (4.0) | ||
| Yes | 44 (15.0) | ||
| 2.14 (1.30–13.52) | 0.002* | |
| No | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Yes | 53 (18.1) | ||
| 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.554 | |
| No | 13 (4.0) | ||
| Yes | 40 (13.6) | ||
Note: aOR, adjusted odd ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*Significant at p ≤ 0.05.