Skip to Main Content

The HQ was calculated as the ratio of ADD/RfD (Tables 5 and 6). The human health risk assessment showed HQ values that suggest an acceptable level of non-carcinogenic health risk. Values of HQ ranged between 1 × 10−6 and 1.3 × 10−1 and followed the order: Ni > Cd > Pb > Cu > Al > Fe > Zn > Mn. However, all calculated values have resulted to be lower than 1, which means that all samples in the study are characterized by a low level of health risk.

Table 6

Hazard quotient, HQ × 10−3

SampleAlZnFeCuCrMnNiPbCd
Tap water – Student's city 0.69 1.69 0.85 9.16 168 0.02 7.19 7.37 4.64 
Tragjasi reservoir 1.39 2.39 0.53 5.61 325 0.16 19.7 18.8 3.48 
 Llogaraja spring 1.14 1.06 0.16 3.39 228 0 16.2 14.8 2.9 
Tragjas spring 1.09 1.33 0 5.54 300 0.070 19.8 14.5 4.06 
Tap water – Tirana city 6.06 2.32 0.71 6.87 325 0.11 14.4 13.8 3.48 
Trebeshina (0.5 L) 2.72 0.19 0.12 9.46 0.05 0.02 55.1 25.9 7.54 
Trebeshina (1.5 L) 0.65 0.06 0 11.6 0.06 0.08 53.7 28.8 7.54 
Living (sparkle 0.5 L) 0.93 0.15 0.04 3.48 0.04 0.02 12.6 10.4 4.06 
BI (0.5 L) 2.49 0.14 0.18 11.0 0.05 0.08 61.1 23.9 6.96 
Lajthiza (0.5 L) 1.50 0.19 0.20 0.65 0.01 0.18 2.25 0.75 3.48 
Qafeshtama (0.5 L) 0.34 0.11 0.22 1.14 0.05 0 5.37 3.89 3.48 
Glina (sparkle 0.5 L) 1.63 0.07 0.15 14.8 0.09 0.02 130 111 5.8 
Dukat (0.5 L) 0.47 0.17 0 1.70 0.03 0 13.5 11.1 4.06 
Dukat (1.5 L) 0.23 0.08 0 3.1 0.01 0.01 11.7 14.6 2.9 
Tepelena (0.5 L) 0.40 0.16 0.70 2.66 0.02 0 11.0 7.04 3.48 
Tepelena (1.5 L) 0.24 0.05 0 3.41 0.02 0 9.45 5.38 3.48 
Spring (0.5 L) 0.72 0.10 0.02 3.63 0.03 0 9.29 9.86 2.9 
Evian 0.51 0.004 0.89 9.06 0.04 0.06 29.9 14.7 3.48 
Frassassi 0.22 0.007 0.66 6.6 0.03 0.04 32.6 14.7 4.64 
Aqua Pana 0.81 0.29 0.70 13.1 0.02 0.01 8.64 12.8 5.8 
SampleAlZnFeCuCrMnNiPbCd
Tap water – Student's city 0.69 1.69 0.85 9.16 168 0.02 7.19 7.37 4.64 
Tragjasi reservoir 1.39 2.39 0.53 5.61 325 0.16 19.7 18.8 3.48 
 Llogaraja spring 1.14 1.06 0.16 3.39 228 0 16.2 14.8 2.9 
Tragjas spring 1.09 1.33 0 5.54 300 0.070 19.8 14.5 4.06 
Tap water – Tirana city 6.06 2.32 0.71 6.87 325 0.11 14.4 13.8 3.48 
Trebeshina (0.5 L) 2.72 0.19 0.12 9.46 0.05 0.02 55.1 25.9 7.54 
Trebeshina (1.5 L) 0.65 0.06 0 11.6 0.06 0.08 53.7 28.8 7.54 
Living (sparkle 0.5 L) 0.93 0.15 0.04 3.48 0.04 0.02 12.6 10.4 4.06 
BI (0.5 L) 2.49 0.14 0.18 11.0 0.05 0.08 61.1 23.9 6.96 
Lajthiza (0.5 L) 1.50 0.19 0.20 0.65 0.01 0.18 2.25 0.75 3.48 
Qafeshtama (0.5 L) 0.34 0.11 0.22 1.14 0.05 0 5.37 3.89 3.48 
Glina (sparkle 0.5 L) 1.63 0.07 0.15 14.8 0.09 0.02 130 111 5.8 
Dukat (0.5 L) 0.47 0.17 0 1.70 0.03 0 13.5 11.1 4.06 
Dukat (1.5 L) 0.23 0.08 0 3.1 0.01 0.01 11.7 14.6 2.9 
Tepelena (0.5 L) 0.40 0.16 0.70 2.66 0.02 0 11.0 7.04 3.48 
Tepelena (1.5 L) 0.24 0.05 0 3.41 0.02 0 9.45 5.38 3.48 
Spring (0.5 L) 0.72 0.10 0.02 3.63 0.03 0 9.29 9.86 2.9 
Evian 0.51 0.004 0.89 9.06 0.04 0.06 29.9 14.7 3.48 
Frassassi 0.22 0.007 0.66 6.6 0.03 0.04 32.6 14.7 4.64 
Aqua Pana 0.81 0.29 0.70 13.1 0.02 0.01 8.64 12.8 5.8 
View Large

Close Modal
This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal
This site uses cookies. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy.
Accept